Spatial transcriptomics（ST） is a technique used to resolve RNA-seq data at the spatial level， thereby resolving all mRNA in a single tissue section. The orderly attachment of spatial barcoding oligo（dT） primers to the surface of microscope slides makes it possible to encode and obtain positional information during mRNA sample processing and subsequent sequencing. Compared with the traditional transcriptome technology， the spatial transcriptome technology can obtain the true gene expression characteristics of cells in the in-situ environment of tissues and the relationship with the microenvironment， and provide high-precision and high-resolution in-situ spatial information for gene expression. In recent years， the development of spatial transcriptome technology has made significant progress. The detected cell flow， the quantity and quality of transcripts are continuously improved， and spatial location information is more accurate and comprehensive. It has been studied in Arabidopsis thaliana， Oryza sativa， and Populus， etc. In this paper， the successful applications of spatial transcriptome technology in the study of plant dynamic development trajectory， the analysis of differences between different tissues and cell types， and decoding of the interaction between plants and microbial communities were described. The problems and challenges of space transcriptome sequencing technology in plant research were discussed， and the great potential of space transcriptome technology in plant research was revealed， which provided a new perspective for further research and application in related fields.

Pipecolic acid（Pip） is a heterocyclic non-protein amino acid serving as precursor for the biosynthesis of biological metabolites. Structurally， the six-membered cyclic motif consists of five carbons and one nitrogen atom. Pip is a cyclic amino acid derived from lysine， in recent years， it has attracted attention in plant research. This review summarized the discovery， biosynthesis， biological functions， and action mechanisms of pipecolic acid， as well as its applications in agricultural production， and put forward prospects for future research directions aiming to establish a foundation for the potential application.

The response of soil microbial community functions to land use changes is of key importance in the prediction of soil ecological functions. In order to clarify the effects of different land use patterns on bacterial communities in the black soil region， the soil bacterial community structure， co-occurrence network structure and functional genes in cropland， forest land and grassland in the northeastern black soil region were analyzed， respectively， and the interaction mechanisms among land use patterns， soil physicochemical properties， bacterial diversity， bacterial community structure， co-occurrence network and functional genes were explored using structural equation modelling. The results showed that there were significant differences（P<0.05） in soil physical and chemical properties and bacterial community structure among different land use patterns， and that the Shannon index and the average degree of co-occurrence network of forest land and grassland were significantly higher than that in cropland（P<0.05）. The proportion of positive correlation edges of bacterial co-occurrence network in forest land was higher than that in other treatments， there was a stronger synergistic effect between soil bacteria in forest land. Functional gene results showed that different land use patterns significantly altered functional gene abundance（P<0.05）. Structural equation modelling indicated that bacterial community structure had the greatest direct effect on functional genes， and land use practices had the greatest indirect effect on functional genes. In conclusion， this study further confirmed the effects of different land use patterns on bacterial communities， which provided a scientific basis for land management in the black soil area.

Grassland is one of the most important land types in Daqing， and it is of great significance to grasp the spatial and temporal dynamics of grassland biomass to understand the carbon sink potential of Daqing. The remote sensing inversion model of aboveground grass biomass in Daqing was constructed by using MODIS-NDVI remote sensing data and aboveground grass biomass measured data and regression analysis. Trend analysis and correlation analysis were used to clarify the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of aboveground biomass and its relationship with major climate factors（precipitation and temperature） in Daqing over the past 20 years. The results showed that the exponential function inversion model constructed by using normalized difference vegetation index（NDVI） had the best interpretation of the aboveground biomass of grassland in Daqing， and the coefficient of determination R² was 0.77 and the root mean square error （RMSE） was 38 g⋅m^-2. The grassland biomass in Daqing urban areas showed a trend of fluctuating increase from 2000 to 2023， and reached a maximum value of 314 g⋅m^-2 in 2019； the aboveground biomass of grassland in most areas showed a significant increasing trend， with a maximum value of 423 g⋅m^-2 and an average value of 280 g⋅m^-2， and its spatial characteristics showed a gradually increasing distribution pattern from southeast to northwest， with concentration in the north and dispersion in the south. Precipitation had a significant effect on biomass（r=0.584， P<0.05）， but the monthly mean temperature had no significant effect on biomass. The above results might provide a strong theoretical basis and data support for the scientific setting of livestock loading and oil extraction area and the optimization of grassland resource utilization strategy in Daqing.

The saline and alkaline land in Xinjiang is vast， and clarifying the characteristics of carbon， nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometric cycles between organs and soil in the native drought-resistant and saline-tolerant Elaeagnus angustifolia forests in Xinjiang is of great significance in promoting the construction of desert， saline and alkaline vegetation and ecological restoration in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River. The E. angustifolia forests（E.moorcroftii and E. angustifolia） in the lower reaches of Tarim River were taken as materials， and the stoichiometric characteristics of different organs（leaves， branches， roots） and soils of two tree species in the forest and their interrelationships were analyzed， respectively. The results showed that： （1）The average content of carbon， nitrogen， and phosphorus in the leaves of E. angustifolia forests were 424.36-484.40 g⋅kg^-1， 33.83-38.71 g⋅kg^-1 and 1.50-2.20 g⋅kg^-1， respectively， and with moderate C and N contents and slightly low P content. The N∶P ratios of E.moorcroftii（17.64） and E. angustifolia（22.82） were higher than 16， indicating the growth limited by P. （2）There were significant differences in ecological stoichiometric characteristics of each organ in the E. angustifolia forests， and the contents of N and P were the largest in leaves. （3）The soil elements content of the E. angustifolia forests were significantly affected by soil depth， showing a vertical decrease along the soil profile and presenting a certain enrichment in the surface layer （0-20 cm）. The C∶N， C∶P and N∶P of the 0-60 cm soil layer were 17.94， 9.32 and 0.62， respectively， and the mineralization capacity of soil N element was weak， and N was deficient. （4）Soil N and P contents of E. angustifolia forests were significantly positively correlated with root N and P contents（P<0.05）， leaf N contents were significantly negatively correlated with 0-20 cm soil C and N contents of each layer（P<0.05）， and significantly positively correlated with soil P contents； leaf P contents were significantly and positively correlated with soil P contents of each layer， and there was no significant correlation between leaf C with soil C（P>0.05）. In general， in poor and severe saline-alkaline soils， the E. angustifolia forests stored less nutrients in branches and roots and usually supplied preferentially nutrients to leaves， the upper part of the E. angustifolia forests was mainly limited by P， and the underground part was mainly limited by N. Therefore， the overall nutrient cycling in E. angustifolia forests was limited by N and P elements.

To investigate the phenotypic diversity of growth and nut traits of Juglans mandshurica natural forest germplasm resources， 77 germplasms of J. mandshurica from the main distribution areas of Heilongjiang Province were used as materials， and six descriptive phenotypic traits and 10 quantitative traits were analyzed， and principal component analysis and systematic clustering method were used for comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that the variation coefficients of descriptive phenotypic traits were in range of 4.61%- 43.49%， variation coefficient of nut color（43.49%） was the highest， Shannon-weaver diversity index of depth of surface grooves（0.829） was the highest， variation coefficient（4.61%） and diversity index（0.120） of top prominence were the minimum， the phenotypic traits were stable relatively. In terms of quantitative traits， variation coefficients of factors related to nut size and growth were 4.40%-12.05% and 22.60%-35.57%， respectively； variation coefficient of yield per plant（48.50%） was the highest， and the mean value of single nut mass was 9.36 g. There were significant positive correlations between single nut mass and the indicators nut vertical diameter， horizontal diameter， lateral diameter（P<0.01）， respectively. The yield per plant was significantly positively correlated with growth factor， nut size and single nut mass（P<0.01）， respectively. The principal component analysis of 10 quantitative traits showed that the cumulative contribution rate of four indicators extracted was 88.410%. The results of cluster analysis showed that 77 germplasms could be divided into four groups， group Ⅰ could be used to breed fruit and timber， group Ⅱ could be used to breed fruit cultivars with high yield and large fruit shape. MH9 in group Ⅱand BW12 in group Ⅰ could be used as parent materials for breeding fruit cultivars with high yield and large fruit shape； BW14 in group Ⅰ could be used as parent materials for breeding timber cultivars.

The volatile oil contains many kinds of active ingredients， which can be used as an indicator for the quality evaluation of Asari Radix et Rhizoma， and the difference of volatile oil components of different origins is of great significance for the quality research and development and application of Asari Radix et Rhizoma. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS） was used to qualitatively and relatively quantify the volatile oil components of different origins， combined with data analysis software， and the differential compounds of different origins were identified by cluster analysis（HCA）， principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA）. The results showed that a total of 59 compounds were detected in 25 batches of Asari Radix et Rhizomasamples， which could be divided into three categories according to different origins. Further analysis showed that the difference in volatile components of Asari Radix et Rhizoma was significantly correlated with different origins， and 11 compounds such as α-terpineol， myristic ether and camphene were identified as different components of different origins. The differential components screened by chemometrics can be used to distinguish different origins and provide a comprehensive reference for the rational use of Asari Radix et Rhizoma resources.

To explore the effects of irrigation and fertilization on the growth and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of Populus cathayana × canadansis ‘Xinlin1’， and to select the optimal measures of irrigation and fertilization for promoting the growth of ‘Xinlin1’， 10-year-old ‘Xinlin1’ poplar was used as material， and four irrigation levels ［-20 kPa（I₂₀）， -33 kPa（I₃₃）， -45 kPa（I₄₅）， unirrigated（I₀）］ and seven fertilization levels ［urea 500 g⋅plant^-1（N₁）， urea 1 000 g⋅plant^-1（N₂）， urea 1 500 g⋅plant^-1（N₃）， compound fertilizer 500 g⋅plant^-1（F₁）， compound fertilizer 1 000 g⋅plant^-1（F₂）， compound fertilizer 1 500 g⋅plant^-1（F₃） and control（CK）］ were set to determine the height， diameter at breast height（DBH）， leaf physiological and photosynthetic indexes of ‘Xinlin1’ poplar， respectively. The results showed that： （1）Irrigation and fertilization significantly increased the annual increment of DBH， tree height and volume. The highest annual increment of DBH， tree height and volume under I₂₀ irrigation was 18.6%， 40.6% and 60.6%， respectively， compared with no irrigation. The annual increase in DBH， tree height and volume per plant under F₂ fertilization were the largest， reaching 2.47 cm， 2.09 m and 0.097 m³， with an increase of 8.3%， 7.8% and 15.3% compared with no fertilization， respectively. I₂₀F₂ showed the largest growth rate， which was significantly higher than other treatments. （2）Irrigation and fertilization significantly increased chlorophyll content， soluble sugar content， soluble protein content， glutamine synthetase activity， nitrate reductase activity， net photosynthetic rate and stomata conductance. I₂₀F₂ treatment had the largest activities of soluble protein， glutamine synthetase and nitrate reductase and net photosynthetic rate. （3）Correlation analysis showed that growth traits（DBH， tree height and annual volume increase） of ‘Xinlin1’ poplar were positively correlated with leaf physiological traits and net photosynthetic rate， and negatively correlated with intercellular CO₂ mole fraction. Irrigation and fertilization significantly changed the physiological characteristics of leaves， improved the photosynthetic capacity， and promoted the growth of ‘Xinlin1’ poplar. Under I₂₀F₂ treatment， the physiological indexes and net photosynthetic rate were the highest， and the tree growth reached the optimal level. Therefore， sufficient water supply（irrigation threshold was -20 kPa） and application of compound fertilizer 1 000 g⋅plant^-1 were the optimal measures to improve photosynthetic physiological characteristics and promote the growth of ‘Xinlin1’ poplar.

To explore the effect of growth retardants on the rooting of Prunus humili rhizomes cuttings， ‘Jinou 1’ rhizome cuttings were used as materials. Optimal concentrations of growth retardants S₃₃₀₇ （uniconazole）， PP₃₃₃ （paclobutrazol）， and DPC （dikegulac） were screened by measuring rooting rate， germination rate， morphological indices， nutrients， oxidative enzyme activities， endogenous hormones during the rooting process of rhizome cutting. The results showed that the retardants S₃₃₀₇（50 mg∙L^-1）， PP₃₃₃（100 mg∙L^-1）， and DPC（100 mg∙L^-1） significantly increased the rooting rate of P. humilis rhizome from the control of 22.16% to 78.02%， 57.10%， and 56.70%， respectively. During the rooting process of rhizome cuttings， growth retardant treatments also increased the contents of soluble sugars， starch， soluble proteins， and the activity of POD， SOD and CAT. In addition， the retardant treatment promoted the content of IAA and expression levels of IAA synthesis genes ChTAA1， ChTAA2 and ChYUC1 in rhizome cuttings and inhibited the synthesis of GA₃， ABA， and ZT， which was favorable for the rooting of P. humilis rhizome cuttings. This experiment provided a theoretical basis for the propagation of P. humilis rhizome cuttings.

In recent years， frequent extreme weather and uneven distribution of rain have caused water shortage in the key growth period of Codonopsis pilosula， leading to declines in quality and yield. To solve this problem， this study used Codonopsis pilosula as the object， investigated the regulatory effects of C. pilosula polysaccharides（CPPs） synthesis under drought stress by siliconaddition based on glycolysis （EMP） and tricarboxylic acid cycle（TCA）. Three groups were set up： water（CK）， drought by 15% PEG-6000（D） and drought by 15% PEG-6000 after silicon treatment（Si+D）. In Si+D group， 200 mL of 2 mmol⋅L^-1 potassium silicate solution was applied to each basin on the 7th day before drought treatment. EMP and TCA-related substances， enzymes activity and key genes expression were measured at 7， 14 and 21 days respectively after drought treatment. Meanwhile， the contents of CPPs and its biosynthesis-related substances were measured to analyze comprehensively the regulation of CPPs synthesis by silicon under drought stress. The results showed that： （1） Drought stress weakened the content of photosynthetic pigment of C. pilosula， accelerated the consumption of sucrose， fructose and glucose， and enhanced the energy consumption in EMP and TCA pathways for the synthesis and accumulation of starch and polysaccharide， and there was a mutual fluctuation of yield and quality. （2） The silicon addition enhanced the content of relative leaf water of C. pilosula， inhibited the content of photosynthetic pigments， increased the sucrose and fructose contents， decreased the enzymes activity related to starch synthesis and increased the enzymes activity related to starch decomposition， resulting in the decrease of starch and polysaccharide contents， but the overall yield of C. pilosula were increased. Silicon addition promoted the EMP pathway of C. pilosula under drought stress， prevented the TCA cycle process， and made pyruvic acid， the end product of EMP， synthesize into citric acid and its accumulation. The application of silicon might affect the photosynthesis of C. pilosula， regulate the energy generation and distribution of EMP and TCA pathways， enhance the ability of C. pilosula to resist drought， and play a positive role in the synthesis of polysaccharide and the quality and yield of C. pilosula. However， with the extension of drought stress time， the regulation effect was weakened gradually.

Polysaccharide from the stems and leaves of Dendrobium officinale was extracted and purified by water extraction and alcohol precipitation， and its hygroscopic， moisturizing， whitening and antioxidant activities were clarified， respectively. The yield of polysaccharide（L-POL） extracted and purified from D. officinale leaves was（13.95±0.27）% and the purity was（92.14±7.75）%. L-POL had good moisture absorption and moisture retention effects， and moisture absorption rate and moisture retention rate were（9.50±0.57）% and （25.13±0.24）%， respectively. L-POL had strong DPPH free radical scavenging ability and in vitro tyrosinase activity with IC₅₀ value of 2.232 and 54.930 g⋅L^-1， respectively. L-POL with a concentration of 125 mg⋅L^-1 could significantly inhibit the synthesis of melanin by mouse melanoma cells B16 with an inhibitory rate of 36.89%. In addition， L-POL with concentrations ranging from 75-300 mg⋅L^-1 was not cytotoxic to mouse melanoma cells（cell viability of 89.33%-102.00%）. The high-purity L-POL had good antioxidant， whitening， moisture absorption and other activities， which provided a new idea for the further development and utilization of D. officinale resources in cosmetics or whitening functional foods.

The morphology of Artemisia argyi flowers at various developmental stages was observed， and the contents of volatile components were determined using GC-MS. The pollen structure was examined using optical and scanning electron microscopes， and the pollen development process was observed under a transmission electron microscope， respectively. The results showed that A. argyi had oval head inflorescence with purple or yellow corolla at blooming， the relative content of most medicinal volatile components such as eucalyptol， camphor and borneol decreased with blooming， while the content of thujone gradually increased. The pollen of A. argyi had the structure of three germination pores and three channels， and the surface was adorned with a thorny， granular compound ornament， and the thorns were blunt and interspersed with granular protrusions， spherical and oblong in shape， exhibiting pollen dimorphism. By observing the characteristics of pollen mother cell stage， mononuclear microspore stage， binucleate pollen stage， pollen maturation stage and the environmental change process in the pollen sac， it was found that there were a large number of abnormal pollen grainsin the A. argyi anthers. The characteristics of A. argyi flowers and pollens were systematically investigated， which would provide a reference for morphological， palynological， and reproductive research on A. argyi.

Flavonoids play important roles in plant somatic embryogenesis. In order to explore the effect of flavonoids on somatic embryogenesis of Korean pine（Pinus koraiensis）， the embryogenic calluses were used as materials. The proliferation rate of embryogenic callus and the number of somatic embryos， and oxidative stress indexes in embryogenic callus were assessed after adding flavonoids（quercetin， naringenin， catechin） in different concentrations and phenylalanine aminolytic lyase inhibitor（2-aminoindan-2-phosphonate hydrochloride）. The results showed that the proliferation rate of embryogenic callus was significantly decreased with increasing levels of flavonoids， while the number of somatic embryos induced increased first then decreased， and the number of somatic embryos reached the peak under the treatment of exogenous flavonoids at 20 μmol⋅L^-1. After treatment with flavonoids， the total reactive oxygen species（ROS） level， hydrogen peroxide（H₂O₂） content and malondialdehyde（MDA） content were reduced in embryogenic callus； the superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity was increased； the catalase（CAT）， peroxidase（POD）， ascorbate peroxidase（APX） and glutathione peroxidase（GPX） activities were decreased. In summary， exogenous flavonoids might regulate cell proliferation and callus differentiation by affecting the level of oxidative stress indexes in embryogenic callus， hence， promote the formation of somatic embryos of Korean pine.

In order to establish a simple， safe and rapid paraffin sectioning method to reduce the use of poisonous agent xylene in experimental process，the leaf and fruit of four periods of Ziziphus jujuba ‘Lingwu Changzao’were used as materials， and the anatomic features were observed by an improved low melting point polyester wax（Steedman’s wax） sectioning technique， and a set of feasible methods for paraffin sectioning preparation of plant tissues were established by improving embedding reagent， omitting the xylene transparence step， shortening the experimental processes， and compared it with conventional paraffin sectioning technique， it provided a new method for studying the plant tissues structures characteristics. The results indicated that the morphological structures of the leaf and fruit were complete and the staining was clear in paraffin sectioning obtained by the improved low melting point polyester wax（Steedman’s wax） sectioning method， the experimental procedures were not only simplified and the whole experimental time had been shortened， but also the quality of slices obtained using the improved sectioning technique was same as the conventional paraffin sectioning， and the experimental procedures were optimized and the use of toxic reagents such as xylene was avoided and experimental time was saved， and the efficiency of plant paraffin making was improved， it would be worthy of being used in more plant morphological anatomy research.

According to Article 9.2 of International Code of Nomenclature for algae， fungi， and plants （Shenzhen Code， 2018）， the collecting number errors in the protologues of seven taxon names （Asteraceae） in China were corrected， including Ajania latifolia C.Shih， Cirsium tsoongianum Y.Ling， Doronicum gansuense Y.L.Chen， Erigeron taipeiensis Y.Ling & Y.L.Chen， Heteropappus eligulatus Y.Ling ex Y.L.Chen & al.， Leontopodium micranthum Y.Ling and Saussurea lanata Y.L.Chen & S.Y.Liang. The holotypes of these species were deposited at China National Herbarium （PE）， Institute of Botany， Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Aroma is one of the important factors that attract consumers to purchase fruits， and light plays a crucial role in the formation of aroma quality. This article reviewed the impacts of light on fruit aroma quality， analyzing the regulatory mechanisms associated with light quality， intensity， and photoperiod. Furthermore， it examined how interactions between light and other factors（temperature， water， CO₂ concentration， and plant hormones） influenced the formation of fruit aroma quality. Finally， future research prospects for enhancing fruit aroma quality through the utilization of light were proposed to serve as a reference for further investigation and improvement.

Under the background of global warming， plant leaves are facing increasingly severe heat stress， which widely affects their growth， development， and productivity. Leaf temperature directly affects important physiological processes of plants such as photosynthesis， transpiration， and respiration. Therefore， clarifying high-temperature tolerance mechanism of plant leaves is of great significance. In this paper， the methods for determining leaf heat tolerance parameters were used， including the key parameters such as initial fluorescence （F₀） and maximum quantum yield（F_v/F_m）， as well as indicators reflecting the leaf's heat tolerance ability， such as the temperature at which the minimum fluorescence of photosystem Ⅱ（PSⅡ） began to rise rapidly（T_crit） and the temperature at which the maximum quantum yield（F_v/F_m） of photosystem Ⅱ（PSⅡ） decreased to half（T₅₀） were determined respectively. By analyzing the previous results on the heat tolerance of leaves among different species， it was found that heat-tolerant species had higher T_crit and lower leaf heat sensitivity（ΔT）， and could maintain the function of photosystem Ⅱ（PSⅡ） at higher temperatures. In addition， the roles of temperature regulation strategies such as leaf morphological structure， water loss， and stomatal regulation in leaf high-temperature tolerance were discussed respectively. In conclusion， the adaptation mechanism of plant leaves under high-temperature conditions was revealed by analyzing leaf heat tolerance parameters and temperature regulation strategies， and this work provided the structure and physiology basis for understanding the mechanism of plant leaf high-temperature tolerance， and theoretical support for future in-depth research on plant heat tolerance.

Thermomorphogenesis is defined as a series of morphological changes that occur in higher plants when the temperature is higher than an optimal temperature and lower than the stress temperature. Among these morphological changes， hypocotyl elongation induced by high temperature has received the most attention and has been studied most deeply. SMALL AUXIN UP RNA（SAUR） gene family plays a key role in promoting growth and cell elongation. However， little is known about the molecular mechanism of high temperature regulation of SAURs. In this study， Arabidopsis Col-0 wild type， pif4-2 mutant and four transgenic plants were used as research materials. Real-time Quantitative PCR（qPCR）， chromatin immunoprecipitation（ChIP）， double luciferase reporter gene detection and phenotypic analysis were used to explore the molecular mechanisms of high temperature regulated SAUR1-SAUR4. The results were as follows： high temperature promoted SAUR1-SAUR4 transcription and this promotion required transcription factor PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4（PIF4）； transcription factor PIF4 binded to the E-box region in the promoter regions of SAUR1-SAUR4， and mild-high temperature enhanced these binding； auxin was downstream of PIF4 in the thermomorphogenesis signaling pathway； auxin signaling pathway was required for the regulation of SAUR1-SAUR4 by PIF4. These results indicated that high temperature regulated the transcription of these four genes by influencing the binding strength of PIF4 and SAUR1-SAUR4 promoter chromatin. This research deepens our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying hypocotyl elongation downstream genes regulated by high temperature during thermomorphogenesis， thus enriching the theoretical basis of heat-resistant breeding.

GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR（GRF） is a specific transcription factor widely found in plants， which plays an important role in plant growth and development and stress response. In this study， bioinformatics analysis of the birch（Betula platyphylla） GRF gene family revealed that the birch reference genome contained nine GRF gene family members with conserved WRC and QLQ structural domains， and prediction analysis of promoter cis-acting elements in the BpGRFs family genes revealed that it contained abundant elements related to growth and development， hormone metabolism and stress response. The qRT-PCR results showed that BpGRF4 was highly expressed in all tissues of birch， and Agrobacterium-mediated method was used to obtain birch overexpressing BpGRF4 lines（OE-1，OE-2，OE-3） and the role of BpGRF4 in the birch development was explored， and the BpGRF4 overexpression lines were significantly elevated in plant height， diameter of the ground， internode length， and branching length respectively. In addition， the area of cortex， phloem and core of OE-3 line were significantly increased， and the leaf epidermal cells were about 51.6% larger than that of the wild type. In conclusion， the growth and development of birch overexpressed BpGRF4 were positively regulated， which provided the theoretical basis for clarifying the GRF gene family function in the growth and development of birch.

This study aimed to establish a system of the protoplast preparation in Pinus massoniana for the transient transformation of genes， so as to promote the study of gene function and the development of genetic transformation system in P. massoniana. The explants were selected from different developmental periods of P. massoniana， including needle leaf， hypocotyls and callus tissues. The effects of different enzymatic conditions on the isolation efficiency of protoplasts were explored. The protoplasts preparation process involving different types of tissues， different osmotic pressures and enzymatic hydrolysis time were optimized. The results showed that pine needle tissue in 0.5 mol⋅L^-1 mannitol osmotic solution for 6 h was the optimal condition for protoplasts extraction. Based on this， a transient transformation system of exogenous genes expression in P. massoniana protoplasts was constructed by comparing different transformation conditions. The optimized protoplast preparation and transformation system could significantly improve the quality and transformation efficiency of protoplasts， and the transformation efficiency of protoplasts was as high as 47.83% when using a polyethylene glycol （PEG）-mediated transformation method in P. massoniana. In summary， this study successfully constructed an effective protoplast isolation system for P. massoniana， which provides a reliable transient expression platform for analyzing gene functions in coniferous species.

The floral bud development of Polygonatum cyrtonema was examined at various stages using paraffin sectioning techniques， the characteristics of megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis and the development process of male and female gametophytes were explored respectively， the fundamental data for the genetic improvement and breeding of P. cyrtonema was provided.The results showed that： （1）The anther wall was composed of epidermis， endothecium， middle layer and tapetum layer. The tapetum layer was secretory， with mature tapetal cells exhibiting binucleate or multinucleate structures. The mature endothecium displayed fibrous thickened. （2）During the meiosis of microspore mother cell， cytokinesis occurred through a continuous type， resulting in tetrads arranged symmetrically in a linear pattern. Most mature pollen grains were two-cell type， occasionally three-cell type. （3）Meiosis of the megaspore mother cell produced a linear tetrad， and the development of the embryo sac followed the Polygonum type. The reproductive cellular development in P. cyrtonema demonstrated similarities to other members of the Polygonatum genus. Notably， the presence of a secretory tapetum and the three-celled pollen grain suggests that P. cyrtonema might have a relatively advanced evolutionary status.

To investigate the differences of flavor quality and soil influencing factors of Huangdu tomato（Solanum lycopersicum） produced by farmers and commercial base， the variety “Hezuo 903” of Huangdu tomato， which was planted in Nigang village of Anting Town and Baidikai base respectively， was used as experimental material， and tomato fruit and rhizosphere soil were collected separately. The fruit quality and related enzyme activities， relative expression of genes encoding the enzymes，as well as the enzyme activities， and the contents of nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium in soil were determined and analyzed respectively. The results showed that contents of soluble sugar， soluble protein and lycopene in tomato fruits grown in farmers’ planting greenhouse were increased by 62.1%-141.1%， 57.8%-66.1% and 36.6%-212.6%， respectively， compared with those grown in Baidikai base. The fruit titrable acid content was reduced by 51.2%-71.9%， but there was no significant difference in Vc content between the two groups. The activities of soil urease and sucrase in farmers’ planting greenhouse were significantly increased by 3.9%-106.9% and 28.1%-47.5%， but the acid phosphatase activity was significantly decreased by 33.3%-56.1%. The contents of total nitrogen and available potassium in soil of farmers’ planting greenhouse were decreased by 34.1%-44.8% and 76.5%-84.5%， respectively， and the content of available phosphorus in soil of farmers’ planting greenhouse 2 was significantly lower by 63.1% than that in B091 greenhouse. In addition， compared with other greenhouses， the sucrose synthetase activity in tomato fruits of farmers’ planting greenhouse 1 was significantly increased by 36.5%- 140.5%， and the fructokinase activity in fruits of farmers’ planting greenhouse 2 and B091 was significantly increased by 29.2%-73.1% and 40.7%-88.5% respectively. The expression levels of LeSS， LeFRK2， LeHXK3 and LeME genes in tomato fruits from farmers’ planting greenhouse 1 were significantly higher than those in Baidikai base， but the expression level of LePFK gene was the highest in the B077 greenhouse of Baidikai base. The expression of LeLYCB gene was the highest in the farmers’ planting greenhouse 2， the expression of LeLYCE gene was the highest in B085， and the expression of LePSY gene was the highest in farmers’ planting greenhouse. In conclusion， with the changes of soil enzyme activities， the contents of available nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium in soil were regulated， and the enzyme activities and the expression of genes coding the enzymes related to tomato fruit flavor quality were changed， which led to the differences in flavor quality of Huangdu tomato.

Acer mandshuricum is a colourful leafy tree species with great ornamental value in Northeast China， but it is difficult to reproduce. The aim of this study was to improve the rooting rate of A. mandshuricum softwood cuttings and to clarify the relationship between stumping treatment and rooting of softwood cuttings. In 2023， the cross-sectional anatomical structure and growth index of twigs， the physiological and biochemical index of leaves， and the rooting index of softwood cuttings of Pc-2（stumped in 2022）， Pc-1（stumped in 2023） were observed， using the twigs of A. mandshuricum without stumping（Pc-CK） as a control. The results showed that： the rooting rate， average root length， average number of roots， and root effect index of Pc-1 softwood cuttings were higher than those of Pc-2（P<0.05） and Pc-CK（P<0.05）. The thickness of the epidermal and cortical collenchyma and the thickness of the xylem in the cross-section of their twigs from small to large were Pc-1， Pc-2 and Pc-CK（P<0.05）. The length， basal diameter， leaf area， leaf fresh weight， and water content of Pc-1 twigs were significantly higher than those of Pc-CK（P<0.05）. The net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of Pc-1 leaves were significantly increased by 90% and 89%（P<0.05） respectively， compared to Pc-CK. The contents of chlorophyll a， carotenoid， soluble sugar， and soluble protein， as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD）， peroxidase（POD）， and catalase（CAT） in Pc-1 leaves were significantly higher than those of Pc-CK（P<0.05）. The contents of malondialdehyde（MDA）， total flavonoids， and total phenolics in Pc-CK leaves were significantly higher than those in Pc-1（P<0.05）. In conclusion， the stumping treatment made the twigs of A. mandshuricum rejuvenated， which promoted the rooting from softwood cuttings. The Pc-1 twigs showed better juvenile characteristics and rooting effect on softwood cuttings， which provided support for the softwood cutting propagation of A. mandshuricum.

To reveal the carbon fixation mechanism of poplar plantations with different ages and to investigate the relationship between carbon storage and environmental factors in the Yellow River Floodplain， the distribution patterns and influencing factors of carbon storage in the tree layer， herb layer， litter layer， and soil layer of grassland （CK） and four distinct-aged （10， 30， 40， 50 a） poplar plantations in the Yellow River Floodplain were examined by field surveys and indoor analysis， respectively. The results showed that the proportion of biomass in the herb layer of the poplar plantation decreased gradually， and the proportion of biomass in the tree and litter layers progressively increased with the increase of stand age. The ratio of biomass in the tree layer to total biomass was the highest （93.21% to 96.17%）， followed by the litter layer （3.99% to 3.20%）， and in the herb layer was the lowest（2.84% to 0.63%）. The average carbon content of the poplar plantations was the highest in tree layer of 50-a plantation（420.40 g⋅kg^-1）， in herb layer of 10-a plantation（365.86 g⋅kg^-1）， and in litter layer of 30-a plantation（398.67 g⋅kg^-1） and the average carbon content of soil layer increased significantly with the increase of stand age. The carbon storage of poplar plantation increased with age， and the distribution pattern was tree layer（975.81 t⋅hm^-2）>soil layer（275.06 t⋅hm^-2）>litter layer（38.01 t⋅hm^-2）>herb layer（19.19 t⋅hm^-2）， the soil layer and tree layer were the main components of carbon storage of poplar plantation， accounted for 95.31% to 97.46% of the total carbon storage. Correlation and redundancy analysis showed that tree height（H）， soil organic matter（SOM）， diameter at breast height（DBH）， and stand density （SD） were the main environmental factors influencing carbon storage in poplar plantations. The results can provide a theoretical basis and data support for the carbon sink function of poplar plantation forests and the management strategy of plantation forests in the Yellow River Floodplain.

Clarifying the relationship between the radial growth and neighborhood structure of trees is helpful to understand the subtleties of stand structure and to make forest management more quantitative and precise. The Larix olgensis and Quercus mongolica forests in Xiaobeihu Nature Reserve were taken as materials， and the radial growth and neighborhood structural parameters of different diameter classes of dominant and associated tree species were calculated respectively. The direct and indirect effects of neighborhood structure on the radial growth of trees with different diameter classes were explored by path analysis. The results showed that： whether as dominant or associated tree species， the radial growth of small diameter class trees of L. olgensis and Q. mongolica was lower than that of medium and large diameter classes. The radial growth of L. olgensis was lower than that of Q. mongolica in the small diameter class， but higher than that of Q. mongolica in the medium and large diameter classes. The radial growth of small and medium diameter trees was significantly correlated with neighborhood structure， but not for large diameter trees. Open comparison（O_P） and competition index（C_I） were the main factors affecting the radial growth of L. olgensis and Q. mongolica， and the effect of associated tree species was higher than that of dominant tree species. The effect of neighborhood structure on radial growth gradually decreased with the increase of diameter class. In addition， the indirect interaction between O_P and C_I also affected the radial growth of L. olgensis and Q. mongolica. Therefore， when forest management was carried out in this area， the small and medium diameter class trees should be selected to adjust neighborhood structure， mainly by improving O_P and reducing C_I.

The characteristics and influencing factors of heart rot in ancient elm trees in Hohhot were studied， and protection strategies for ancient elm trees were proposed to provide a theoretical basis for their conservation. In this study， Picus³ stress wave trunk cross-sectional scanner and TRU tree radar detection system were used to determine the heart rot characteristics of 44 ancient elm samples in Hohhot by 1∶1 stratified random sampling method. Linear regression model was used to analyze the relationship between heart rot of ancient elm trees and health indicators， morphological indicators and environmental indicators， and to explore the related factors influencing heart rot of ancient elm trees. The results showed that the quantity proportion of heart rot grades of ancient elm trees in Hohhot was ranked from large to small as grade Ⅱ>Ⅲ>Ⅰ>Ⅳ， and the frequency of the beginning point of trunk heart rot was ranked from high to low as pith（S， 36 times）>trunk sapwood（B， 25 times）>middle trunk（Z， 14 times）. The distribution of root density in the vertical and horizontal directions was consistent， indicating that the closer to the trunk， the greater the root density. Among the influencing factors， trunk diseases（R²=0.302）， trunk pests（R²=0.234）， bark damage（R²=0.225）， soil compaction（R²=0.248） and heart rot index were significantly correlated（P<0.01）. Root growth space（R²=0.187）， crown growth space（R²=0.103） and root density（R²=0.121） were significantly correlated with heart rot index（P<0.05）. There was no significant correlation between trunk inclination（R²=0.011）， crown shape（R²=0.013） and heart rot index（P>0.05）. The heart rot of ancient elm trees in Hohhot initially occurred mainly in the pith and sapwood areas of the trunk， the heart rot was mainly caused by damage to the sapwood of the trunk in the early stage of heart rot， but the heart rot in the pith was more serious. The trunk health of the ancient elm trees gradually declined with the growth of the trees， and the decline rate accelerated when the trunk appeared rot or cavities. The heart rot of ancient elm trees had a significant correlation with health indicators and environmental indicators， but not with the morphological indicators of ancient trees. Root density was also an important factor affecting the heart rot of ancient trees. Therefore， the health status of ancient elm trees should be assessed in time， and intervention treatment and repair should be done timely， the tree body should be protected from damage， and internal damage detection in the trunk should be strengthened， the physical space required for the growth of ancient trees should be reasonably planned， and the soil should be loosened in time to ensure its sufficient growth space and nutrient supply， attention should be paid to the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests and the repair of bark damage of ancient elm trees， the occurrence of external environmental violations should be reduced， and the conservation effect of ancient trees should be improved.

To explore the environmental adaptation mechanisms of Caragana halodendron in leaf traits， to provide a theoretical basis for breeding superior varieties of C. halodendron， and protection of species diversity in desert areas， soil and water conservation， and desertification mitigation， the phenotypic variations among different populations and their relationships with environmental factors were analyzed respectively. The 108 individuals from 18 natural populations of C. halodendron were used as research materials， and 11 leaf-related traits and 28 environmental factors were collected. Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were utilized to explore the variation patterns of leaf traits and their correlations with environmental factors. The results showed that： （1）There were remarkably significant differences in the leaf traits of C.halodendron among different populations. The variation coefficient of leaf traits ranged from 9.42% to 83.12% among the populations and 1.58% to 59.07% intra-populations. Through a detailed comparison of the variation coefficient of traits within and among populations， it was evident that the average coefficient of variation among populations（31.17%） for all traits was higher than that within populations（21.86%）. （2）Correlation analysis of leaf traits revealed significant positive correlation between traits related to leaf shape （leaf length， leaf width， leaf area， specific leaf area）（P<0.05）， and leaf water content showed a significant positive correlation with leaf shape traits（P<0.05）. （3） Four principal components extracted from trait principal component analysis accounted for a cumulative contribution rate of 91.13%. （4）The correlation analysis between leaf traits and environmental factors showed that leaf shape， rachis length， stipular spine length， and the number of leaflets were extremely significantly correlated with multiple environmental factors such as drought， precipitation， temperature， and soil（P<0.01）， whereas specific leaf area was only extremely significantly correlated with multiple environmental factors（P<0.01）. The variation in leaf traits reflects the adaptability of this species to arid and saline-alkali environments and the strategy of C. halodendron adapting to environmental pressure by adjusting traits such as leaf shape， rachis length， and leaf water content. This work provided important insights for understanding the adaptation mechanism of desert plants.

To explore the pollen morphological characteristics of Nymphaea and their taxonomic significance， the pollen of 113 species or cultivars from five subgenera and two trans-subgeneric hybrids of Nymphaea were used as materials and their pollen morphological characters were observed by scanning electron microscope. The results showed that： （1）The pollen of Nymphaea were all single grains， radially symmetric， and medium size（10.05-37.04） μm×（21.96-64.83） μm. （2）Among them， the pollen germination troughs of Nymphaea in 86 samples were zonoporate， 23 samples were anazonoporate， and 4 samples were anacolpate. （3）The pollen exine ornamentation included smooth， micro verrucous， rough， nodular， baculate， and caveola type. （4）The 113 samples of Nymphaea germplasms were clustered into five groups， of which the subgenus Nymphaea was characterized primarily by anazonoporate germination trough and nodular and baculate exine ornamentation， distinguished it from other subgenera. In conclusion， there were some differences in pollen size， germination trough type， and exine ornamentation among different subgenera and trans-subgeneric hybrids of Nymphaea， which might serve as auxiliary reference indicators for classification and provided palynological evidence for the study of genetic and phylogenetic relationship of Nymphaea.

Paeonia lactiflora is a perennial herbaceous plant of Paeonia genus in the Paeoniaceae family， widely distributed in northeast， north and northwest China， but its germplasm resources sharply decreased due to human destruction and environmental changes. To explore the rule of phenotypic variation and the phenotypic diversity， 256 individual plants from 12 natural populations of P. lactiflora in Great Khingan Mountains were used as materials， and the data on 23 phenotypic characteristics were collected， and the methods of Nested analysis of variance， Pearson correlation analysis， principal components analysis and cluster analysis were used， respectively. The results showed that the coefficient of variation and the mean Shannon-Wiener index of 15 quantitative traits such as plant height and crown width were 25.88%（12.34%-92.78%） and 1.843， respectively. The mean Shannon-Wiener index of eight quality traits such as leaflet type， the degree of leaflet retraction and flower color was 1.146. There were significant differences in 11 phenotypic traits among and within populations （P<0.01）， and the average phenotypic differentiation coefficient between populations was 25.72%. The correlations indicated that most of the 15 quantitative traits were significantly or extremely significantly correlated with each other. The flower diameter was negatively correlated with latitude， humidity and precipitation， but positively correlated with altitude， annual average sunshine hours and temperature； the number of petals was positively correlated with latitude， but negatively correlated with the average annual sunshine hours. The length of compound leaves was positively correlated with the average annual precipitation. The above results indicated that temperature and geographical factors had more impact on flower phenotypic traits than on stem and leaf phenotypic traits of P. lactiflora. Four principal components were extracted by principal component analysis and accumulative contribution rate was 88.678%. The 12 natural populations were divided into three categories by cluster analysis， the first category was P3 population and characterized by multi heads and large flowers type with highly ornamental value； the second category， including two populations P7 and P9， had bigger stem and leaf traits such as plant height， stem diameter， number of scape， compound leaves， and apical leaflets， compared to other populations， indicating the population had vigorous growth. The nine populations in the third category were characterized by compound leaves， short and narrow apical leaflets， wide flower diameter， and short flower stalks. The phenotypic diversity and variation levels of P. lactiflora in Great Khingan Mountains were high， and intra-populations variation was the main sources. In conclusion， this study analyzed the phenotypic diversity of P. lactiflora in Great Khingan Mountains and explored its phenotypic variation patterns， which provided a basis for better protection and utilization of P. lactiflora resources.

In this study， 10 lily species collected from 30 areas were used as materials to determine the polyphenols content and antioxidant activity in lily bulbs by colorimetry， and the contents of nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium in lily bulbs and soils were determined by Kjeldahl method and atomic absorption spectrometry method， respectively. The environmental conditions of collection areas were investigated to explore the application prospect of wild lily in the development of antioxidant functional foods. This work provided the reference for further development of lily resources. The results showed that the contents of polyphenols， flavonoids， total flavanols and total anthocyanins in 10 lily bulbs collected from 30 areas were significantly different（P<0.05）. The content of polyphenols in bulbs of the same lily species collected from different areas were significantly different（P<0.05）， indicating the differences in lily quality of provenances among the ecological regions. There were significant differences in DPPH radical scavenging ability， copper ion reduction ability， metal chelation ability and lipid peroxidation inhibition ability of 10 lily bulb extracts（P<0.05）， and the antioxidant ability of polyphenol extracts from wild lily bulb was better than that from cultivated Lilium davidii var. unicolor. The antioxidant activity of polyphenol extracts from the same lily bulbs collected from different areas were significantly different（P<0.05）， which indicated that the antioxidant capacity of lily origin was obviously “authentic”. The contents of N， P and K in 10 lily bulbs were significantly different（P<0.05）， and the contents of N， P and K in soils collected from collection areas were significantly different（P<0.05）. Correlation analysis showed significant or extremely significant correlations between polyphenols content and copper ion reduction ability， DPPH free radical scavenging ability and lipid peroxidation inhibition ability of lily bulbs. Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of 10 lily bulbs were correlated with environmental factors to different extents. The environmental factors of the collection areas had different effects on the content of polyphenols and antioxidant activity of lily bulbs， the annual precipitation and annual average temperature were dominant factors. The polyphenols content was significantly positively correlated with the annual minimum temperature， annual precipitation and annual average temperature（P<0.05）. The total anthocyanins content was significantly positively correlated with annual average temperature and wind speed（P<0.05）. The comprehensive evaluation of antioxidant properties of lily polyphenols by using the functional analysis showed that the antioxidant quality of wild lily bulbs was better than that of traditional edible L. davidii var. unicolor. Among them， L. sargentiae in Xinhua Village， Yanjing Township， Baoxing County， Sichuan Province， L. leucanthum in Hongyang Township， Zhenping County， Shaanxi Province and L. lancifolium in Chengguan Town， Ganggao County， Shaanxi Province showed the best comprehensive performances， the bulb extracts of lily species could be used as natural antioxidants for development and utilization.

The interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal（AM） fungi and soil bacteria plays a crucial role in plant phosphorus acquisition. This review systematically elucidated the impact of AM fungi-bacteria interactions on soil phosphorus cycling and their regulatory mechanisms. AM fungal hyphal exudates， including sugars， carboxylates， and amino acids， provide carbon sources for bacteria and specifically recruit phosphate-solubilizing bacteria， while the hyphae serve as "mobile bridges" to facilitate bacterial migration. Besides， AM fungi can modulate the structure and function of the hyphosphere microbiome， enriching functional bacteria carrying the phoD gene， enhancing phosphatase activity， and promoting organic phosphorus mineralization. Based on these mechanisms， strategies such as regulating soil C：P ratio and supplementing hyphal exudate components can regulate AM fungi-bacteria interactions and improve soil phosphorus utilization efficiency.

Dark septate endophytes（DSEs） constitute an important component of root-associated mycobiome and typically develop microsclerotia-like structures in cortical cells. Generally， DSEs perform functions similar to those of mycorrhizal fungi in promoting plant growth， nutrient uptake and stress tolerance. Under certain extreme environments， the abundance of DSEs often exceeds that of mycorrhizal fungi. In this review article， we first summarized the species diversity， basic biological traits and eco-physiological functions played by DSEs， an important component of root-associated mycobiome. We then mainly focused on the advances concerning mechanisms underlying plant-DSEs mutualism as well as genomic signatures and evolutionary adaptation of DSEs. Together， our understanding of more adaptive potentials of DSEs and their extended effects on improving plant abiotic tolerance emerged. Promisingly， the development of robust DSE inoculants used for ecological restoration of soils and improvement of plant productivity in agro-forestry systems under stressful environment was briefly discussed.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） are one of the crucial microbial communities in the soil ecosystem. Researches on AMF reproductive techniques and their applications in practice have profound significance for elevating agricultural production efficiency and sustainability. This paper reviewed the latest research advancements in the symbiotic mechanism of AMF and its application in propagation systems and microbial inoculants. It explored the molecular mechanism through which AMF establish symbiotic relationships with plant roots； analyzed the optimization strategies for AMF propagation systems， encompassing key factors such as aseptic culture techniques， substrate selection， and environmental control； discussed the application potential of AMF inoculants in actual production， including enhancing crop yields， strengthening plant stress resistance， and improving soil structure. It highlighted the practical issues existing in the current application domains of AMF and the future research directions. The purpose was to offer a reference for further comprehension of the significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and lay the foundation for the development of novel microbial inoculants and their application in agricultural ecosystems in the future.

In the context of global climate change， the phenomenon of plant invasion has been increasingly intensified. Invasive plants affect biodiversity by reducing local species， altering soil microbial community structure and composition， and impacting ecosystem structure and function， which significantly modifies ecological processes such as soil nitrogen cycling. Soil nitrogen cycling is a crucial component of ecosystem nutrient cycling， influencing nitrogen supply and distribution within ecosystems. Both global climate change and plant invasion are altering the efficiency and pathways of soil nitrogen cycling. Mycorrhizae， as an important symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots， play a vital role in the soil nitrogen cycle. However， there is still a lack of systematic research and in-depth understanding of the impact of mycorrhizal interactions with invasive plants on soil nitrogen cycling. This review summarized recent progress in research on the interaction between invasive plants and mycorrhizal fungi in the context of soil nitrogen cycling， focusing on mechanisms such as the regulation of soil microbial communities， the effects on soil nitrification， denitrification， and related soil enzyme activities， and alterations in soil physicochemical properties that influence soil nitrogen cycling. Additionally， the paper proposed future research directions. This study provided new perspectives for understanding the role of invasive plants in global soil nitrogen cycling and offered theoretical support for invasive plant management and nitrogen cycling response evaluation as affected by plant invasions.