Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Heart Rot in Ancient Elm Trees in Hohhot

doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.012

Abstract

Abstract:

The characteristics and influencing factors of heart rot in ancient elm trees in Hohhot were studied， and protection strategies for ancient elm trees were proposed to provide a theoretical basis for their conservation. In this study， Picus³ stress wave trunk cross-sectional scanner and TRU tree radar detection system were used to determine the heart rot characteristics of 44 ancient elm samples in Hohhot by 1∶1 stratified random sampling method. Linear regression model was used to analyze the relationship between heart rot of ancient elm trees and health indicators， morphological indicators and environmental indicators， and to explore the related factors influencing heart rot of ancient elm trees. The results showed that the quantity proportion of heart rot grades of ancient elm trees in Hohhot was ranked from large to small as grade Ⅱ>Ⅲ>Ⅰ>Ⅳ， and the frequency of the beginning point of trunk heart rot was ranked from high to low as pith（S， 36 times）>trunk sapwood（B， 25 times）>middle trunk（Z， 14 times）. The distribution of root density in the vertical and horizontal directions was consistent， indicating that the closer to the trunk， the greater the root density. Among the influencing factors， trunk diseases（R²=0.302）， trunk pests（R²=0.234）， bark damage（R²=0.225）， soil compaction（R²=0.248） and heart rot index were significantly correlated（P<0.01）. Root growth space（R²=0.187）， crown growth space（R²=0.103） and root density（R²=0.121） were significantly correlated with heart rot index（P<0.05）. There was no significant correlation between trunk inclination（R²=0.011）， crown shape（R²=0.013） and heart rot index（P>0.05）. The heart rot of ancient elm trees in Hohhot initially occurred mainly in the pith and sapwood areas of the trunk， the heart rot was mainly caused by damage to the sapwood of the trunk in the early stage of heart rot， but the heart rot in the pith was more serious. The trunk health of the ancient elm trees gradually declined with the growth of the trees， and the decline rate accelerated when the trunk appeared rot or cavities. The heart rot of ancient elm trees had a significant correlation with health indicators and environmental indicators， but not with the morphological indicators of ancient trees. Root density was also an important factor affecting the heart rot of ancient trees. Therefore， the health status of ancient elm trees should be assessed in time， and intervention treatment and repair should be done timely， the tree body should be protected from damage， and internal damage detection in the trunk should be strengthened， the physical space required for the growth of ancient trees should be reasonably planned， and the soil should be loosened in time to ensure its sufficient growth space and nutrient supply， attention should be paid to the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests and the repair of bark damage of ancient elm trees， the occurrence of external environmental violations should be reduced， and the conservation effect of ancient trees should be improved.

Key words: Hohhot, ancient elm, heart rot characteristics, root distribution, Picus³ stress wave detection

CLC Number:

Q944.3

Yaowen SUN, Haifeng NAN, Xiaomin WANG, Lang ZUO, Ruohan NAN. Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Heart Rot in Ancient Elm Trees in Hohhot[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2025, 45(2): 266-276.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig.1

Fig.2

Table 1

Survey index standard of ancient elm in Hohhot

指标类型

Indicator type

调查指标

Survey indicator

测量标准

Measurement standard

健康指标

Health indicators

树皮损伤

Bark damage

树干无损伤记为5；0~1/6树干周长损伤记为4；1/6~1/3树干周长损伤记为3；1/3~1/2树干周长损伤记为2；>1/2树干周长损伤记为1

No trunk damage was recorded as 5； 0-1/6 trunk circumference damage（TCD） was recorded as 4；1/6-1/3 TCD was recorded as 3；1/3-1/2 TCD was recorded as 2；>1/2 TCD was recorded as 1

主干病害

Trunk disease

心腐检测处上下20 cm范围内，树干受害面积>75%记为1；树干受害>50%且≤75%记为2；树干受害>25%且≤50%记为3；树干受害>5%且≤25%记为4；树干受害≤5%记为5

Within 20 cm above and below the heart rot detection， trunk damage area（TDA）>75% was recorded as 1；TDA>50% and ≤75% was recorded as 2；TDA >25% and ≤50% was recorded as 3；TDA >5% and ≤25% was recorded as 4；TDA≤5% was recorded as 5

主干虫害

Trunk pest

心腐检测处上下20 cm范围内，树干受害面积>75%记为1；树干受害>50%且≤75%记为2；树干受害>25%且≤50%记为3；树干受害>5%且≤25%记为4；树干受害≤5%记为5

Within 20 cm above and below the heart rot detection， trunk damage area（TDA）>75% was recorded as 1；TDA >50% and ≤75% was recorded as 2；TDA >25% and ≤50% was recorded as 3；TDA >5% and ≤25% was recorded as 4；TDA ≤5% was recorded as 5

形态指标

Morphological indicators

主干倾斜角

Trunk tilt angle

以林木树干主体与水平地面的夹角为准。树干倾斜角>30°记为1；树干倾斜角20°~30°记为2；树干倾斜角10°~20°记为3；树干倾斜角5°~10°记为4；树干倾斜角0°~5°记为5

The angle between the main body of the tree trunk and the horizontal ground was used. The trunk tilt angle （TTA）>30° was recorded as 1；TTA in 20°-30° was recorded as 2；TTA in 10°-20° was recorded as 3；TTA in 5°-10° was recorded as 4； TTA in 0°-5° was recorded as 5

冠形

Crown shape

树冠不规则，树枝极为不均匀记为1；树冠缺失严重，枝叶分布凌乱记为2；树冠一定程度缺失，形状不规则记为3；树冠少许缺失，较为规则记为4；树冠均匀对称，冠形优美记为5

The crown was irregular and the branches were unevenly distributed，which was recorded as 1；the crown was seriously missing and the distribution of branches and leaves was messy，which was recorded as 2；the crown was missing to some extent and the shape was irregular，which was recorded as 3；the crown was missing a little and was more regular，which was recorded as 4；the crown was even and symmetrical and the crown was beautifully shaped，which was recorded as 5

环境指标

Environmental indicators

根系生长空间

Root growth space

古树周围5 m以上无建筑物、水泥及其他硬化阻碍记为5；古树周围4~5 m有建筑物、水泥及其他硬化阻碍记为4；古树周围3~4 m有建筑物、水泥及其他硬化阻碍记为3；古树周围2~3 m有建筑物、水泥及其他硬化阻碍记为2；古树周围2 m之内有建筑物、水泥及其他硬化阻碍记为1

The case without buildings，cement and rocks around the tree for more than 5 m was recorded as 5；the case with buildings，cement and other hardened obstacles around the tree for 4-5 m was recorded as 4； for 3-4 m was recorded as 3；for 2-3 m was recorded as 2；the case with buildings，cement，and other hardened obstacles within 2 m around the tree was recorded as 1

树冠生长空间

Canopy growth space

古树正常生长空间无限制记为5；能满足80%以上的生长空间记为4；能满足60%~80%的生长空间记为3；能满足30%~60%生长空间记为2；只能满足30%以下的生长空间记为1

The normal growth space of ancient trees without restriction was recorded as 5；that can meet more than 80% of the growth space was recorded as 4； that can meet 60%-80% was recorded as 3；that can meet 30%-60% was recorded as 2；that can only meet less than 30% was recorded as 1

土壤紧实度

Soil compaction

土壤疏松，稍加压力很容易使土块碎散记为5；较疏松，稍加压力便可将刀插入2~3 cm记为4；坚实，不用很大力可把刀插入土体2~3 cm记为3；较坚实，用很大力可把刀插入土体2~3 cm记为2；坚硬，用很大力也难把刀插入土体记为1

Soil was loose，which a little pressure was easy to make the soil fragmentation was recorded as 5；looser，which a little pressure could be inserted into the knife 2-3 cm was recorded as 4；solid，that without very strong was recorded as 3；more solid，that with very strong was recorded as 2；hard，that with very strong also difficult to insert the knife into the soil was recorded as 1

Table 1

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Table 2

Table 3

Fig.6

Table 4

Table 5

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心腐等级 Heart rot level	阈值 Threshold	样本数量 Sample number
Ⅰ级 Level Ⅰ	A<0.04	5
Ⅱ级 Level Ⅱ	0.04≤A<0.07	23
Ⅲ级 Level Ⅲ	0.07≤A<0.31	13
Ⅳ级 Level Ⅳ	A≥0.31	3

心腐等级 Heart rot level	髓心频次 S frequency	中部频次 Z frequency	边材频次 B frequency	株数 Trees count
总计 Total	36	14	25	44
Ⅰ级 Level Ⅰ	1	0	3	5
Ⅱ级 Level Ⅱ	8	1	13	23
Ⅲ级 Level Ⅲ	17	6	5	13
Ⅳ级 Level Ⅳ	10	7	4	3