Phenotypic Diversity Analysis of Natural Herbaceous Peony Populations in Great Khingan Mountains

doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.015

Abstract

Abstract:

Paeonia lactiflora is a perennial herbaceous plant of Paeonia genus in the Paeoniaceae family， widely distributed in northeast， north and northwest China， but its germplasm resources sharply decreased due to human destruction and environmental changes. To explore the rule of phenotypic variation and the phenotypic diversity， 256 individual plants from 12 natural populations of P. lactiflora in Great Khingan Mountains were used as materials， and the data on 23 phenotypic characteristics were collected， and the methods of Nested analysis of variance， Pearson correlation analysis， principal components analysis and cluster analysis were used， respectively. The results showed that the coefficient of variation and the mean Shannon-Wiener index of 15 quantitative traits such as plant height and crown width were 25.88%（12.34%-92.78%） and 1.843， respectively. The mean Shannon-Wiener index of eight quality traits such as leaflet type， the degree of leaflet retraction and flower color was 1.146. There were significant differences in 11 phenotypic traits among and within populations （P<0.01）， and the average phenotypic differentiation coefficient between populations was 25.72%. The correlations indicated that most of the 15 quantitative traits were significantly or extremely significantly correlated with each other. The flower diameter was negatively correlated with latitude， humidity and precipitation， but positively correlated with altitude， annual average sunshine hours and temperature； the number of petals was positively correlated with latitude， but negatively correlated with the average annual sunshine hours. The length of compound leaves was positively correlated with the average annual precipitation. The above results indicated that temperature and geographical factors had more impact on flower phenotypic traits than on stem and leaf phenotypic traits of P. lactiflora. Four principal components were extracted by principal component analysis and accumulative contribution rate was 88.678%. The 12 natural populations were divided into three categories by cluster analysis， the first category was P3 population and characterized by multi heads and large flowers type with highly ornamental value； the second category， including two populations P7 and P9， had bigger stem and leaf traits such as plant height， stem diameter， number of scape， compound leaves， and apical leaflets， compared to other populations， indicating the population had vigorous growth. The nine populations in the third category were characterized by compound leaves， short and narrow apical leaflets， wide flower diameter， and short flower stalks. The phenotypic diversity and variation levels of P. lactiflora in Great Khingan Mountains were high， and intra-populations variation was the main sources. In conclusion， this study analyzed the phenotypic diversity of P. lactiflora in Great Khingan Mountains and explored its phenotypic variation patterns， which provided a basis for better protection and utilization of P. lactiflora resources.

Key words: Paeonia lactiflora, phenotypic variation, diversity analysis, environmental factors

CLC Number:

S718.4

Jiaying TANG, Jinkun ZHANG, Jiwen HU, Fude WANG, Peiyao XIN, Wenjun MA. Phenotypic Diversity Analysis of Natural Herbaceous Peony Populations in Great Khingan Mountains[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2025, 45(2): 299-314.

Figures/Tables 15

Table 1

Geographical locations and main climatic conditions for 12 wild P. lactiflora populations

收集地点及代码 Provenance and code	经度 Longitude（E） /（°）	纬度 Latitude（N） /（°）	海拔 Altitude /m	年降水量 Annual precipitation /mm	年均日照时间 Mean annual sunshine duration /h	年均相对湿度 Mean annual relative humidity /%	年均温度 Annual average temperature /℃	收集数量 Sample number
内蒙古自治区牙克石市 Yakeshi City，Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region（P1）	120.92	48.30	729	592.2	2 653.4	65.0	-1.3	30
内蒙古自治区赤峰市大局子林场 Dajuzi Forest Farm，Chifeng City，Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region（P2）	117.46	42.85	1 625	493.9	2 894.6	53.6	4.7	13
内蒙古自治区多伦县铁公泡子村 Tiegongpaozi Village，Duolun County， Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region（P3）	116.77	42.37	1 382	510.9	2 896.6	58.7	3.9	9
内蒙古自治区赤峰市白音敖包 Baiyin Aobao，Chifeng City，Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region（P4）	117.29	43.45	1 499	475.5	2 867.2	50.2	8.5	19
内蒙古自治区红花尔基诺干诺尔林场 Nogon Nuor Forest Farm，Honghuaerji Forestry Bureau，Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region（P5）	119.58	47.96	854	401.3	2 794.8	62.5	0	21
内蒙古自治区阿尔山市阿尔山国门 Alarshan National Gate，Alarshan City， Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region（P6）	119.56	47.32	914	600.1	2 662.9	64.5	-1.0	26
内蒙古自治区乌拉盖芍药谷 Ulagai Peony Valley，Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region（P7）	118.98	46.17	950	386.0	2 874.2	58.0	2.2	16
黑龙江省漠河市阿木尔芍药山 Amur Peony Mountain，Mohe City， Heilongjiang Province（P8）	123.70	53.31	296	586.2	2 408.8	68.8	-3.1	17
黑龙江省漠河市北红村 Beihong Village，Mohe City， Heilongjiang Province（P9）	122.93	53.47	282	586.2	2 408.8	68.8	-3.1	30
内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市拉布大林 Labudalin，Hulunbuir City，Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region（P10）	120.29	50.35	599	540.1	2 562.0	67.1	-2.2	30
黑龙江省呼玛县十八站查班河 Chaban River，Shibazhan，Huma County， Heilongjiang Province（P11）	125.46	52.38	599	609.5	2 443.8	67.2	-1.1	17
内蒙古自治区霍林郭勒市可汗山 Khan Mountain，Holin Gol City，Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region（P12）	119.95	46.02	965	460.7	2 790.4	56.8	4.0	28

Table 1

Fig.1

Table 2

Fig.2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Phenotypic traits and multiple comparison of the 12 wild P. lactiflora populations （Mean±SD）

居群	茎基粗 SD/mm	复叶长 CL/cm	复叶宽 CW/cm	顶小叶长 AL/mm	顶小叶宽 AW/mm	单个复叶小叶数量 NS	花高 FH/mm	花梗长 PL/mm	花径 FD/mm	花瓣数量 NP	单枝着花数量 AB
P1	7.12±1.04^d	20.59±1.99^cd	17.69±2.56^e	151.25±17.68^d	118.69±27.60^ef	9.18±1.55^cd	44.54±9.63^de	69.60±17.86^e	80.56±17.19^d	9.00±1.41^c	2.91±1.56^a
P2	6.96±1.27^de	19.58±2.98^d	18.22±3.50^de	159.45±26.02^c	135.21±40.79^cd	9.80±1.04^b	42.82±6.94^ef	72.72±22.43^cde	86.64±17.20^bcd	8.84±1.07^cd	2.76±1.51^abc
P3	7.72±1.40^abc	21.07±2.23^bc	19.62±3.60^bc	174.34±24.70^ab	166.50±22.10^a	9.95±1.03^b	43.99±8.83^def	109.80±23.74^a	110.16±21.13^a	9.74±1.70^b	3.37±1.61^a
P4	6.95±1.15^de	20.90±2.98^c	18.55±3.51^cde	155.04±23.34^c	139.79±28.37^c	9.94±1.30^b	42.99±7.47^ef	83.30±30.32^c	90.46±25.07^b	10.08±1.37^ab	2.76±1.60^abc
P5	6.52±0.93^e	20.94±2.35^c	17.71±2.14^e	150.73±18.59^d	119.25±31.20^ef	9.24±1.49^bcd	41.12±6.18^f	83.89±19.95^c	83.17±16.33^cd	9.96±1.17^b	2.20±1.57^de
P6	7.30±1.15^cd	21.84±2.18^b	19.01±3.24^cd	160.54±15.79^c	130.70±27.16^cd	9.42±1.00^bc	47.07±8.75^bcd	76.46±25.24^cde	80.57±16.35^d	8.89±1.23^cd	2.86±1.50^ab
P7	7.64±0.71^bc	21.98±2.39^b	18.10±2.11^de	155.38±16.77^c	112.75±19.92^f	10.85±0.91^a	38.76±7.96^f	103.26±33.02^ab	69.76±17.14^e	8.48±0.70^d	1.26±0.53^f
P8	7.59±1.08^bc	21.27±2.61^bc	18.65±3.39^cde	154.72±21.49^c	128.56±37.22^cde	8.69±1.06^e	54.24±10.19^a	71.59±16.69^de	88.35±17.48^bc	9.65±1.47^b	2.33±1.29^cd
P9	7.97±1.26^ab	23.80±2.57^ab	21.32±3.46^a	182.91±37.48^a	151.55±35.95^b	9.82±1.17^b	47.80±8.93^bc	94.56±27.67^b	84.50±19.43^bcd	8.60±0.96^d	2.49±1.48^bc
P10	6.66±1.08^e	20.67±2.36^c	18.35±3.21^de	145.76±28.19^d	124.48±34.61^def	9.01±1.08^de	45.59±7.21^cde	76.00±18.72^cde	78.83±14.33^d	8.72±1.14^cd	1.84±1.06^ef
P11	8.36±1.68^a	20.68±2.58^cd	17.96±3.04d^e	157.27±19.22^c	139.41±22.65^c	9.03±0.97^cde	49.65±7.63^b	84.02±24.29^c	90.22±17.03^bc	8.66±0.90^cd	2.97±1.49^a
P12	7.05±1.15^d	22.15±2.03^b	20.28±2.96^b	163.14±24.20^bc	140.09±29.25^c	10.89±1.50^a	45.28±10.30^cde	80.60±28.38^cd	79.30±16.71^d	10.34±1.59^a	1.44±0.85^f

Table 8

Table 9

Fig.3

Table 10

Table 11

Fig.4

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质量性状 Qualitative trait	质量性状描述 Description of qualitative trait
质量性状 Qualitative trait	0	1	2	3
小叶内卷程度Degree of leaflet involution	无或极轻	轻度	中度	重度
小叶先端形状Shape of leaflet tip	锐尖	窄渐尖	宽渐尖	钝尖
小叶叶缘波状程度The degree of wavy edge of leaflets	无或极轻	轻度	中度	重度
小叶类型Leaflet type	狭卵形	椭圆形	披针形	—
复叶叶柄颜色Color of compound leaves and petioles	绿色	桃红色	紫红色	—
叶色Leaf color	深绿色	浅绿色	棕红色	—
花色Flower color	白色	粉白色	粉红色	—
花期Florescence	早	中	晚	—

质量性状 Qualitative trait	频率分布 Distributed frequency/%				Shannon-Wiener指数 H
质量性状 Qualitative trait	0	1	2	3	Shannon-Wiener指数 H
均值Mean					1.146
小叶内卷程度 Degree of leaflet involution	5.9	22.7	43.4	28.1	1.308
小叶先端形状 Shape of leaflet tip	0	74.2	25.8	0	0.981
小叶叶缘波状程度 The degree of wavy edge of leaflets	42.2	39.8	12.9	5.1	1.270
小叶类型 Leaflet type	42.6	0	57.4		1.036
复叶叶柄颜色 Color of compound leaves and petioles	19.9	44.9	35.2		1.220
叶色 Leaf color	43.0	40.2	16.8		1.211
花色 Flower color	62.7	29.5	7.9		1.123
花期 Florescence	4.1	77.6	18.3		1.016

表型性状 Phenotypic trait	代码 Code	均值 Mean	标准差 SD	极小值 Min.	极大值 Max.	极差 Range	变异系数 C_V/%	Shannon-Wiener指数H
均值 Mean							25.88	1.843
株高 Plant height/cm	H	52.70	10.08	28.00	80.90	52.90	19.13	1.326
莛数量 Tiller number	CN	6.89	5.09	1.00	33.00	32.00	73.88	1.845
冠幅（东西）East-west crown width/cm	EW	50.80	12.22	24.40	91.20	66.80	24.06	2.034
冠幅（南北）North-south crown width/cm	NW	53.19	12.41	22.70	93.60	70.90	23.34	2.073
茎基粗 Stem diameter/mm	SD	6.29	1.31	3.40	11.37	7.97	20.88	1.926
复叶长 Compound leaf length/cm	CL	21.60	2.66	13.20	29.50	16.30	12.34	2.026
复叶宽 Compound leaf width/cm	CW	19.09	3.34	8.80	29.50	20.70	17.51	2.052
顶小叶长 Apical leaflet length/mm	AL	154.44	26.27	64.63	306.21	241.58	17.01	1.975
顶小叶宽 Apical leaflet width/mm	AW	135.06	32.62	38.77	242.58	203.81	24.15	2.077
单个复叶小叶数量 compound leaf leaflets	NS	10.89	1.37	5.00	14.00	9.00	12.62	1.570
花高 Flower height/mm	FH	47.05	9.13	19.43	95.75	76.32	19.41	1.717
花梗长 Pedicel length/mm	PL	102.71	25.89	24.53	170.21	145.68	25.21	1.924
花径 Flower diameter/mm	FD	84.42	18.84	29.87	141.63	111.76	22.32	1.898
花瓣数量 Number of petals	NP	10.35	1.40	6.00	13.00	7.00	13.52	1.650
单枝着花数量 Single branch flowering amount	AB	1.55	1.44	1.00	7.00	6.00	92.78	1.555

性状及代码 Trait and code	居群表型变异系数 Phenotypic variation coefficients of 12 populations/%												均值 Mean/%
性状及代码 Trait and code	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7	P8	P9	P10	P11	P12	均值 Mean/%
均值 Mean	21.94	24.00	21.17	24.39	22.00	21.92	20.01	21.50	22.66	22.28	22.91	23.39	22.35
株高H	11.31	19.73	17.90	18.28	19.82	16.46	18.15	16.16	8.67	15.15	24.25	14.74	16.72
莛数量CN	55.38	42.25	51.25	53.69	43.07	50.89	47.52	42.58	53.95	48.13	60.37	51.21	50.02
冠幅（东西）EW	17.64	26.20	16.68	19.09	18.36	20.74	18.52	15.01	18.40	18.36	24.13	21.62	19.56
冠幅（南北）NW	16.19	28.51	20.93	23.90	15.07	18.68	20.18	16.60	18.45	19.07	22.39	20.74	20.06
茎基粗SD	14.66	18.19	18.13	16.50	14.33	15.81	9.26	14.21	15.85	16.15	20.15	16.26	15.79
复叶长CL	9.68	15.24	10.59	14.26	11.20	9.98	10.88	12.25	10.81	11.44	12.49	9.18	11.50
复叶宽CW	14.46	19.22	18.36	18.94	12.06	17.07	11.66	18.16	16.24	17.48	16.94	14.59	16.26
顶小叶长AL	11.69	16.32	14.17	15.05	12.33	9.84	10.79	13.89	20.49	19.34	12.22	14.83	14.25
顶小叶宽AW	23.26	30.16	13.27	20.29	26.16	20.78	17.67	28.96	23.72	27.81	16.25	20.89	22.43
单个复叶小叶数量NS	21.62	16.21	20.06	17.38	15.03	18.59	20.54	18.78	18.67	15.82	15.37	22.75	18.40
花高FH	16.90	10.62	10.31	13.10	16.13	10.56	8.36	12.14	11.92	11.98	10.70	13.74	12.21
花梗长PL	25.66	30.84	21.62	36.40	23.78	33.02	31.98	23.32	29.26	24.64	28.91	35.21	28.72
花径FD	21.34	19.85	19.18	27.72	19.63	20.29	24.57	19.79	22.99	18.18	18.87	21.07	21.12
花瓣数量NP	15.71	12.08	17.40	13.58	11.74	13.79	8.25	15.20	11.14	13.10	10.42	15.38	13.15
单枝着花数量AB	53.64	54.63	47.68	57.69	71.28	52.31	41.75	55.45	59.30	57.49	50.24	58.72	55.01

性状及代码 Trait and code	居群表型性状的Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener indices of phenotypic traits of populations												均值 Mean
性状及代码 Trait and code	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7	P8	P9	P10	P11	P12	均值 Mean
均值 Mean	1.631	1.658	1.654	1.761	1.563	1.623	1.592	1.595	1.719	1.595	1.663	1.679	1.645
株高 H	0.849	1.170	1.048	1.173	1.303	1.081	1.345	1.044	1.174	1.133	1.570	1.181	1.173
莛数量 CN	1.868	1.002	1.440	1.798	1.213	1.747	1.640	1.696	1.862	1.772	1.746	1.916	1.642
冠幅（东西）EW	1.799	1.824	1.440	1.826	1.781	1.997	1.787	1.548	1.846	1.703	1.985	1.944	1.790
冠幅（南北）NW	1.633	1.633	1.803	1.847	1.522	1.754	1.909	1.824	1.894	1.905	1.844	1.952	1.793
茎基粗 SD	1.703	2.073	2.239	1.645	1.591	1.819	1.457	1.778	1.813	1.785	2.234	1.866	1.834
复叶长 CL	1.775	2.169	1.806	2.095	1.885	1.879	1.934	2.022	1.890	1.971	2.070	1.849	1.945
复叶宽 CW	1.759	2.126	2.349	1.993	1.724	1.982	1.753	2.135	2.014	2.075	2.090	2.112	2.009
顶小叶长 AL	1.789	2.143	1.701	1.926	1.670	1.589	1.683	1.745	2.080	2.082	1.840	1.771	1.835
顶小叶宽 AW	1.925	2.116	1.689	1.865	2.045	1.882	1.819	2.189	2.055	2.105	1.791	1.931	1.951
单个复叶小叶数量NS	1.643	1.254	1.449	1.527	1.568	1.165	1.223	1.183	1.434	1.099	1.166	1.640	1.363
花高FH	1.615	1.526	1.765	1.690	1.336	1.670	1.730	1.819	1.721	1.486	1.519	1.633	1.626
花梗长PL	1.484	1.768	1.932	2.159	1.811	1.886	2.010	1.508	2.007	1.672	1.880	1.987	1.842
花径FD	1.823	1.894	1.877	2.116	1.801	1.767	1.834	1.774	1.911	1.658	1.627	1.689	1.814
花瓣数量NP	1.461	1.506	1.848	1.668	1.583	1.622	0.922	1.766	1.276	1.452	1.122	1.855	1.507
单枝着花数量AB	1.696	1.737	1.817	1.699	1.308	1.717	0.667	1.482	1.615	1.195	1.585	0.905	1.452