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    20 March 2025, Volume 45 Issue 2
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    Review Article
    Advances on the Effect of Light on Fruit Aroma Quality
    Yuqi DU, Zepeng YIN
    2025, 45(2):  159-170.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.002
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    Aroma is one of the important factors that attract consumers to purchase fruits， and light plays a crucial role in the formation of aroma quality. This article reviewed the impacts of light on fruit aroma quality， analyzing the regulatory mechanisms associated with light quality， intensity， and photoperiod. Furthermore， it examined how interactions between light and other factors（temperature， water， CO2 concentration， and plant hormones） influenced the formation of fruit aroma quality. Finally， future research prospects for enhancing fruit aroma quality through the utilization of light were proposed to serve as a reference for further investigation and improvement.

    Research Progress on Heat Tolerance and Regulatory Strategies of Plant Leaves
    Baojie TONG, Dongying DAN, Jiawei LI
    2025, 45(2):  171-180.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.003
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    Under the background of global warming， plant leaves are facing increasingly severe heat stress， which widely affects their growth， development， and productivity. Leaf temperature directly affects important physiological processes of plants such as photosynthesis， transpiration， and respiration. Therefore， clarifying high-temperature tolerance mechanism of plant leaves is of great significance. In this paper， the methods for determining leaf heat tolerance parameters were used， including the key parameters such as initial fluorescence （F0） and maximum quantum yield（Fv/Fm）， as well as indicators reflecting the leaf's heat tolerance ability， such as the temperature at which the minimum fluorescence of photosystem Ⅱ（PSⅡ） began to rise rapidly（Tcrit） and the temperature at which the maximum quantum yield（Fv/Fm） of photosystem Ⅱ（PSⅡ） decreased to half（T50） were determined respectively. By analyzing the previous results on the heat tolerance of leaves among different species， it was found that heat-tolerant species had higher Tcrit and lower leaf heat sensitivity（ΔT）， and could maintain the function of photosystem Ⅱ（PSⅡ） at higher temperatures. In addition， the roles of temperature regulation strategies such as leaf morphological structure， water loss， and stomatal regulation in leaf high-temperature tolerance were discussed respectively. In conclusion， the adaptation mechanism of plant leaves under high-temperature conditions was revealed by analyzing leaf heat tolerance parameters and temperature regulation strategies， and this work provided the structure and physiology basis for understanding the mechanism of plant leaf high-temperature tolerance， and theoretical support for future in-depth research on plant heat tolerance.

    Original Paper
    PIF4 Regulates the Expression of SAURs in Plant Thermomorphogenesis
    Xiyao WANG, Yanling LIU, Xin WANG
    2025, 45(2):  181-190.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.004
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    Thermomorphogenesis is defined as a series of morphological changes that occur in higher plants when the temperature is higher than an optimal temperature and lower than the stress temperature. Among these morphological changes， hypocotyl elongation induced by high temperature has received the most attention and has been studied most deeply. SMALL AUXIN UP RNA（SAUR） gene family plays a key role in promoting growth and cell elongation. However， little is known about the molecular mechanism of high temperature regulation of SAURs. In this study， Arabidopsis Col-0 wild type， pif4-2 mutant and four transgenic plants were used as research materials. Real-time Quantitative PCR（qPCR）， chromatin immunoprecipitation（ChIP）， double luciferase reporter gene detection and phenotypic analysis were used to explore the molecular mechanisms of high temperature regulated SAUR1-SAUR4. The results were as follows： high temperature promoted SAUR1-SAUR4 transcription and this promotion required transcription factor PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4（PIF4）； transcription factor PIF4 binded to the E-box region in the promoter regions of SAUR1-SAUR4， and mild-high temperature enhanced these binding； auxin was downstream of PIF4 in the thermomorphogenesis signaling pathway； auxin signaling pathway was required for the regulation of SAUR1-SAUR4 by PIF4. These results indicated that high temperature regulated the transcription of these four genes by influencing the binding strength of PIF4 and SAUR1-SAUR4 promoter chromatin. This research deepens our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying hypocotyl elongation downstream genes regulated by high temperature during thermomorphogenesis， thus enriching the theoretical basis of heat-resistant breeding.

    Identification and Preliminary Functional Analysis of the BpGRFs Gene in Betula Platyphylla
    Ziteng SUN, Xinyu WANG, Lili HOU, Yueying LIU, Zhimin ZHENG
    2025, 45(2):  191-201.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.005
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    GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR（GRF） is a specific transcription factor widely found in plants， which plays an important role in plant growth and development and stress response. In this study， bioinformatics analysis of the birch（Betula platyphylla） GRF gene family revealed that the birch reference genome contained nine GRF gene family members with conserved WRC and QLQ structural domains， and prediction analysis of promoter cis-acting elements in the BpGRFs family genes revealed that it contained abundant elements related to growth and development， hormone metabolism and stress response. The qRT-PCR results showed that BpGRF4 was highly expressed in all tissues of birch， and Agrobacterium-mediated method was used to obtain birch overexpressing BpGRF4 lines（OE-1，OE-2，OE-3） and the role of BpGRF4 in the birch development was explored， and the BpGRF4 overexpression lines were significantly elevated in plant height， diameter of the ground， internode length， and branching length respectively. In addition， the area of cortex， phloem and core of OE-3 line were significantly increased， and the leaf epidermal cells were about 51.6% larger than that of the wild type. In conclusion， the growth and development of birch overexpressed BpGRF4 were positively regulated， which provided the theoretical basis for clarifying the GRF gene family function in the growth and development of birch.

    Establishment of a System for Preparation and Transient Transformation of Protoplasts of Pinus massoniana
    Yanshuo LI, Minyan WANG, Diankuan LIU, Wei LI, Hengfu YIN
    2025, 45(2):  202-210.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.006
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    This study aimed to establish a system of the protoplast preparation in Pinus massoniana for the transient transformation of genes， so as to promote the study of gene function and the development of genetic transformation system in P. massoniana. The explants were selected from different developmental periods of P. massoniana， including needle leaf， hypocotyls and callus tissues. The effects of different enzymatic conditions on the isolation efficiency of protoplasts were explored. The protoplasts preparation process involving different types of tissues， different osmotic pressures and enzymatic hydrolysis time were optimized. The results showed that pine needle tissue in 0.5 mol⋅L-1 mannitol osmotic solution for 6 h was the optimal condition for protoplasts extraction. Based on this， a transient transformation system of exogenous genes expression in P. massoniana protoplasts was constructed by comparing different transformation conditions. The optimized protoplast preparation and transformation system could significantly improve the quality and transformation efficiency of protoplasts， and the transformation efficiency of protoplasts was as high as 47.83% when using a polyethylene glycol （PEG）-mediated transformation method in P. massoniana. In summary， this study successfully constructed an effective protoplast isolation system for P. massoniana， which provides a reliable transient expression platform for analyzing gene functions in coniferous species.

    Sporogenesis and Gametogenesis of Polygonatum cyrtonema
    Qi ZHANG, Jiayin LI, Haiyan WANG, Ziqin MA, Fu HE
    2025, 45(2):  211-216.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.007
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    The floral bud development of Polygonatum cyrtonema was examined at various stages using paraffin sectioning techniques， the characteristics of megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis and the development process of male and female gametophytes were explored respectively， the fundamental data for the genetic improvement and breeding of P. cyrtonema was provided.The results showed that： （1）The anther wall was composed of epidermis， endothecium， middle layer and tapetum layer. The tapetum layer was secretory， with mature tapetal cells exhibiting binucleate or multinucleate structures. The mature endothecium displayed fibrous thickened. （2）During the meiosis of microspore mother cell， cytokinesis occurred through a continuous type， resulting in tetrads arranged symmetrically in a linear pattern. Most mature pollen grains were two-cell type， occasionally three-cell type. （3）Meiosis of the megaspore mother cell produced a linear tetrad， and the development of the embryo sac followed the Polygonum type. The reproductive cellular development in P. cyrtonema demonstrated similarities to other members of the Polygonatum genus. Notably， the presence of a secretory tapetum and the three-celled pollen grain suggests that P. cyrtonema might have a relatively advanced evolutionary status.

    Differences in Flavor Quality of Huangdu Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under Different Soil Conditions
    Yao TONG, Danrong ZOU, Yuqi HUANG, Huijuan TAO, Yazhong JIN, Xueqing GENG
    2025, 45(2):  217-227.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.008
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    To investigate the differences of flavor quality and soil influencing factors of Huangdu tomato（Solanum lycopersicum） produced by farmers and commercial base， the variety “Hezuo 903” of Huangdu tomato， which was planted in Nigang village of Anting Town and Baidikai base respectively， was used as experimental material， and tomato fruit and rhizosphere soil were collected separately. The fruit quality and related enzyme activities， relative expression of genes encoding the enzymes，as well as the enzyme activities， and the contents of nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium in soil were determined and analyzed respectively. The results showed that contents of soluble sugar， soluble protein and lycopene in tomato fruits grown in farmers’ planting greenhouse were increased by 62.1%-141.1%， 57.8%-66.1% and 36.6%-212.6%， respectively， compared with those grown in Baidikai base. The fruit titrable acid content was reduced by 51.2%-71.9%， but there was no significant difference in Vc content between the two groups. The activities of soil urease and sucrase in farmers’ planting greenhouse were significantly increased by 3.9%-106.9% and 28.1%-47.5%， but the acid phosphatase activity was significantly decreased by 33.3%-56.1%. The contents of total nitrogen and available potassium in soil of farmers’ planting greenhouse were decreased by 34.1%-44.8% and 76.5%-84.5%， respectively， and the content of available phosphorus in soil of farmers’ planting greenhouse 2 was significantly lower by 63.1% than that in B091 greenhouse. In addition， compared with other greenhouses， the sucrose synthetase activity in tomato fruits of farmers’ planting greenhouse 1 was significantly increased by 36.5%- 140.5%， and the fructokinase activity in fruits of farmers’ planting greenhouse 2 and B091 was significantly increased by 29.2%-73.1% and 40.7%-88.5% respectively. The expression levels of LeSS， LeFRK2， LeHXK3 and LeME genes in tomato fruits from farmers’ planting greenhouse 1 were significantly higher than those in Baidikai base， but the expression level of LePFK gene was the highest in the B077 greenhouse of Baidikai base. The expression of LeLYCB gene was the highest in the farmers’ planting greenhouse 2， the expression of LeLYCE gene was the highest in B085， and the expression of LePSY gene was the highest in farmers’ planting greenhouse. In conclusion， with the changes of soil enzyme activities， the contents of available nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium in soil were regulated， and the enzyme activities and the expression of genes coding the enzymes related to tomato fruit flavor quality were changed， which led to the differences in flavor quality of Huangdu tomato.

    Stumping Effect on Rejuvenation of Twigs and Rooting of Softwood Cuttings of Acer Mandshuricum
    Linping TIAN, Wenzhe HAN, Jun WU, Yuandong MA, Yu QI, Zhaoning WANG, Chunming LI, Haixia LI, Huanzhen LIU, Haijuan FAN
    2025, 45(2):  228-240.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.009
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    Acer mandshuricum is a colourful leafy tree species with great ornamental value in Northeast China， but it is difficult to reproduce. The aim of this study was to improve the rooting rate of A. mandshuricum softwood cuttings and to clarify the relationship between stumping treatment and rooting of softwood cuttings. In 2023， the cross-sectional anatomical structure and growth index of twigs， the physiological and biochemical index of leaves， and the rooting index of softwood cuttings of Pc-2（stumped in 2022）， Pc-1（stumped in 2023） were observed， using the twigs of A. mandshuricum without stumping（Pc-CK） as a control. The results showed that： the rooting rate， average root length， average number of roots， and root effect index of Pc-1 softwood cuttings were higher than those of Pc-2（P<0.05） and Pc-CK（P<0.05）. The thickness of the epidermal and cortical collenchyma and the thickness of the xylem in the cross-section of their twigs from small to large were Pc-1， Pc-2 and Pc-CK（P<0.05）. The length， basal diameter， leaf area， leaf fresh weight， and water content of Pc-1 twigs were significantly higher than those of Pc-CK（P<0.05）. The net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of Pc-1 leaves were significantly increased by 90% and 89%（P<0.05） respectively， compared to Pc-CK. The contents of chlorophyll a， carotenoid， soluble sugar， and soluble protein， as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD）， peroxidase（POD）， and catalase（CAT） in Pc-1 leaves were significantly higher than those of Pc-CK（P<0.05）. The contents of malondialdehyde（MDA）， total flavonoids， and total phenolics in Pc-CK leaves were significantly higher than those in Pc-1（P<0.05）. In conclusion， the stumping treatment made the twigs of A. mandshuricum rejuvenated， which promoted the rooting from softwood cuttings. The Pc-1 twigs showed better juvenile characteristics and rooting effect on softwood cuttings， which provided support for the softwood cutting propagation of A. mandshuricum.

    Ecosystem Carbon Storage Distribution and Influencing Factors in Different-aged Poplar Plantations in the Yellow River Floodplain in Western Shandong, China
    Yuwei GUO, Jing LIANG, Haibing WU, Chuanjie ZHOU, Linlin SUN, Zhibao WANG, Xiaoru LI, Xiangfeng CHEN, Mulan LI
    2025, 45(2):  241-253.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.010
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    To reveal the carbon fixation mechanism of poplar plantations with different ages and to investigate the relationship between carbon storage and environmental factors in the Yellow River Floodplain， the distribution patterns and influencing factors of carbon storage in the tree layer， herb layer， litter layer， and soil layer of grassland （CK） and four distinct-aged （10， 30， 40， 50 a） poplar plantations in the Yellow River Floodplain were examined by field surveys and indoor analysis， respectively. The results showed that the proportion of biomass in the herb layer of the poplar plantation decreased gradually， and the proportion of biomass in the tree and litter layers progressively increased with the increase of stand age. The ratio of biomass in the tree layer to total biomass was the highest （93.21% to 96.17%）， followed by the litter layer （3.99% to 3.20%）， and in the herb layer was the lowest（2.84% to 0.63%）. The average carbon content of the poplar plantations was the highest in tree layer of 50-a plantation（420.40 g⋅kg-1）， in herb layer of 10-a plantation（365.86 g⋅kg-1）， and in litter layer of 30-a plantation（398.67 g⋅kg-1） and the average carbon content of soil layer increased significantly with the increase of stand age. The carbon storage of poplar plantation increased with age， and the distribution pattern was tree layer（975.81 t⋅hm-2）>soil layer（275.06 t⋅hm-2）>litter layer（38.01 t⋅hm-2）>herb layer（19.19 t⋅hm-2）， the soil layer and tree layer were the main components of carbon storage of poplar plantation， accounted for 95.31% to 97.46% of the total carbon storage. Correlation and redundancy analysis showed that tree height（H）， soil organic matter（SOM）， diameter at breast height（DBH）， and stand density （SD） were the main environmental factors influencing carbon storage in poplar plantations. The results can provide a theoretical basis and data support for the carbon sink function of poplar plantation forests and the management strategy of plantation forests in the Yellow River Floodplain.

    Effects of Neighborhood Structure on Radial Growth of Larix olgensis and Quercus mongolica with Different Diameter Classes
    Yanli ZENG, Yanhui GUAN, Lujing QIAO, Yating CHEN, Cunyong JU, Tijiu CAI
    2025, 45(2):  254-265.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.011
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    Clarifying the relationship between the radial growth and neighborhood structure of trees is helpful to understand the subtleties of stand structure and to make forest management more quantitative and precise. The Larix olgensis and Quercus mongolica forests in Xiaobeihu Nature Reserve were taken as materials， and the radial growth and neighborhood structural parameters of different diameter classes of dominant and associated tree species were calculated respectively. The direct and indirect effects of neighborhood structure on the radial growth of trees with different diameter classes were explored by path analysis. The results showed that： whether as dominant or associated tree species， the radial growth of small diameter class trees of L. olgensis and Q. mongolica was lower than that of medium and large diameter classes. The radial growth of L. olgensis was lower than that of Q. mongolica in the small diameter class， but higher than that of Q. mongolica in the medium and large diameter classes. The radial growth of small and medium diameter trees was significantly correlated with neighborhood structure， but not for large diameter trees. Open comparison（OP） and competition index（CI） were the main factors affecting the radial growth of L. olgensis and Q. mongolica， and the effect of associated tree species was higher than that of dominant tree species. The effect of neighborhood structure on radial growth gradually decreased with the increase of diameter class. In addition， the indirect interaction between OP and CI also affected the radial growth of L. olgensis and Q. mongolica. Therefore， when forest management was carried out in this area， the small and medium diameter class trees should be selected to adjust neighborhood structure， mainly by improving OP and reducing CI.

    Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Heart Rot in Ancient Elm Trees in Hohhot
    Yaowen SUN, Haifeng NAN, Xiaomin WANG, Lang ZUO, Ruohan NAN
    2025, 45(2):  266-276.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.012
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    The characteristics and influencing factors of heart rot in ancient elm trees in Hohhot were studied， and protection strategies for ancient elm trees were proposed to provide a theoretical basis for their conservation. In this study， Picus3 stress wave trunk cross-sectional scanner and TRU tree radar detection system were used to determine the heart rot characteristics of 44 ancient elm samples in Hohhot by 1∶1 stratified random sampling method. Linear regression model was used to analyze the relationship between heart rot of ancient elm trees and health indicators， morphological indicators and environmental indicators， and to explore the related factors influencing heart rot of ancient elm trees. The results showed that the quantity proportion of heart rot grades of ancient elm trees in Hohhot was ranked from large to small as grade Ⅱ>Ⅲ>Ⅰ>Ⅳ， and the frequency of the beginning point of trunk heart rot was ranked from high to low as pith（S， 36 times）>trunk sapwood（B， 25 times）>middle trunk（Z， 14 times）. The distribution of root density in the vertical and horizontal directions was consistent， indicating that the closer to the trunk， the greater the root density. Among the influencing factors， trunk diseases（R2=0.302）， trunk pests（R2=0.234）， bark damage（R2=0.225）， soil compaction（R2=0.248） and heart rot index were significantly correlated（P<0.01）. Root growth space（R2=0.187）， crown growth space（R2=0.103） and root density（R2=0.121） were significantly correlated with heart rot index（P<0.05）. There was no significant correlation between trunk inclination（R2=0.011）， crown shape（R2=0.013） and heart rot index（P>0.05）. The heart rot of ancient elm trees in Hohhot initially occurred mainly in the pith and sapwood areas of the trunk， the heart rot was mainly caused by damage to the sapwood of the trunk in the early stage of heart rot， but the heart rot in the pith was more serious. The trunk health of the ancient elm trees gradually declined with the growth of the trees， and the decline rate accelerated when the trunk appeared rot or cavities. The heart rot of ancient elm trees had a significant correlation with health indicators and environmental indicators， but not with the morphological indicators of ancient trees. Root density was also an important factor affecting the heart rot of ancient trees. Therefore， the health status of ancient elm trees should be assessed in time， and intervention treatment and repair should be done timely， the tree body should be protected from damage， and internal damage detection in the trunk should be strengthened， the physical space required for the growth of ancient trees should be reasonably planned， and the soil should be loosened in time to ensure its sufficient growth space and nutrient supply， attention should be paid to the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests and the repair of bark damage of ancient elm trees， the occurrence of external environmental violations should be reduced， and the conservation effect of ancient trees should be improved.

    Population Variation of Leaf Traits and Its Correlation with Environmental Factors of Caragana halodendron
    Changli ZHAO, Liwei ZHOU, Kerou ZHOU, Yueqi YOU, Zhixiang ZHANG
    2025, 45(2):  277-286.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.013
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    To explore the environmental adaptation mechanisms of Caragana halodendron in leaf traits， to provide a theoretical basis for breeding superior varieties of C. halodendron， and protection of species diversity in desert areas， soil and water conservation， and desertification mitigation， the phenotypic variations among different populations and their relationships with environmental factors were analyzed respectively. The 108 individuals from 18 natural populations of C. halodendron were used as research materials， and 11 leaf-related traits and 28 environmental factors were collected. Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were utilized to explore the variation patterns of leaf traits and their correlations with environmental factors. The results showed that： （1）There were remarkably significant differences in the leaf traits of C.halodendron among different populations. The variation coefficient of leaf traits ranged from 9.42% to 83.12% among the populations and 1.58% to 59.07% intra-populations. Through a detailed comparison of the variation coefficient of traits within and among populations， it was evident that the average coefficient of variation among populations（31.17%） for all traits was higher than that within populations（21.86%）. （2）Correlation analysis of leaf traits revealed significant positive correlation between traits related to leaf shape （leaf length， leaf width， leaf area， specific leaf area）（P<0.05）， and leaf water content showed a significant positive correlation with leaf shape traits（P<0.05）. （3） Four principal components extracted from trait principal component analysis accounted for a cumulative contribution rate of 91.13%. （4）The correlation analysis between leaf traits and environmental factors showed that leaf shape， rachis length， stipular spine length， and the number of leaflets were extremely significantly correlated with multiple environmental factors such as drought， precipitation， temperature， and soil（P<0.01）， whereas specific leaf area was only extremely significantly correlated with multiple environmental factors（P<0.01）. The variation in leaf traits reflects the adaptability of this species to arid and saline-alkali environments and the strategy of C. halodendron adapting to environmental pressure by adjusting traits such as leaf shape， rachis length， and leaf water content. This work provided important insights for understanding the adaptation mechanism of desert plants.

    Studies on Pollen Morphological Characteristics of Nymphaea Germplasm
    Dandan YIN, Haohui WEI, Qian WU
    2025, 45(2):  287-298.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.014
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    To explore the pollen morphological characteristics of Nymphaea and their taxonomic significance， the pollen of 113 species or cultivars from five subgenera and two trans-subgeneric hybrids of Nymphaea were used as materials and their pollen morphological characters were observed by scanning electron microscope. The results showed that： （1）The pollen of Nymphaea were all single grains， radially symmetric， and medium size（10.05-37.04） μm×（21.96-64.83） μm. （2）Among them， the pollen germination troughs of Nymphaea in 86 samples were zonoporate， 23 samples were anazonoporate， and 4 samples were anacolpate. （3）The pollen exine ornamentation included smooth， micro verrucous， rough， nodular， baculate， and caveola type. （4）The 113 samples of Nymphaea germplasms were clustered into five groups， of which the subgenus Nymphaea was characterized primarily by anazonoporate germination trough and nodular and baculate exine ornamentation， distinguished it from other subgenera. In conclusion， there were some differences in pollen size， germination trough type， and exine ornamentation among different subgenera and trans-subgeneric hybrids of Nymphaea， which might serve as auxiliary reference indicators for classification and provided palynological evidence for the study of genetic and phylogenetic relationship of Nymphaea.

    Phenotypic Diversity Analysis of Natural Herbaceous Peony Populations in Great Khingan Mountains
    Jiaying TANG, Jinkun ZHANG, Jiwen HU, Fude WANG, Peiyao XIN, Wenjun MA
    2025, 45(2):  299-314.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.015
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    Paeonia lactiflora is a perennial herbaceous plant of Paeonia genus in the Paeoniaceae family， widely distributed in northeast， north and northwest China， but its germplasm resources sharply decreased due to human destruction and environmental changes. To explore the rule of phenotypic variation and the phenotypic diversity， 256 individual plants from 12 natural populations of P. lactiflora in Great Khingan Mountains were used as materials， and the data on 23 phenotypic characteristics were collected， and the methods of Nested analysis of variance， Pearson correlation analysis， principal components analysis and cluster analysis were used， respectively. The results showed that the coefficient of variation and the mean Shannon-Wiener index of 15 quantitative traits such as plant height and crown width were 25.88%（12.34%-92.78%） and 1.843， respectively. The mean Shannon-Wiener index of eight quality traits such as leaflet type， the degree of leaflet retraction and flower color was 1.146. There were significant differences in 11 phenotypic traits among and within populations （P<0.01）， and the average phenotypic differentiation coefficient between populations was 25.72%. The correlations indicated that most of the 15 quantitative traits were significantly or extremely significantly correlated with each other. The flower diameter was negatively correlated with latitude， humidity and precipitation， but positively correlated with altitude， annual average sunshine hours and temperature； the number of petals was positively correlated with latitude， but negatively correlated with the average annual sunshine hours. The length of compound leaves was positively correlated with the average annual precipitation. The above results indicated that temperature and geographical factors had more impact on flower phenotypic traits than on stem and leaf phenotypic traits of P. lactiflora. Four principal components were extracted by principal component analysis and accumulative contribution rate was 88.678%. The 12 natural populations were divided into three categories by cluster analysis， the first category was P3 population and characterized by multi heads and large flowers type with highly ornamental value； the second category， including two populations P7 and P9， had bigger stem and leaf traits such as plant height， stem diameter， number of scape， compound leaves， and apical leaflets， compared to other populations， indicating the population had vigorous growth. The nine populations in the third category were characterized by compound leaves， short and narrow apical leaflets， wide flower diameter， and short flower stalks. The phenotypic diversity and variation levels of P. lactiflora in Great Khingan Mountains were high， and intra-populations variation was the main sources. In conclusion， this study analyzed the phenotypic diversity of P. lactiflora in Great Khingan Mountains and explored its phenotypic variation patterns， which provided a basis for better protection and utilization of P. lactiflora resources.

    Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenol Extracts from Ten Lily Bulbs and Its Correlation with Environmental Factors
    Xiangchen MA, Ping ZHANG, Yuxin CHEN, Lei JIN
    2025, 45(2):  315-328.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.02.016
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    In this study， 10 lily species collected from 30 areas were used as materials to determine the polyphenols content and antioxidant activity in lily bulbs by colorimetry， and the contents of nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium in lily bulbs and soils were determined by Kjeldahl method and atomic absorption spectrometry method， respectively. The environmental conditions of collection areas were investigated to explore the application prospect of wild lily in the development of antioxidant functional foods. This work provided the reference for further development of lily resources. The results showed that the contents of polyphenols， flavonoids， total flavanols and total anthocyanins in 10 lily bulbs collected from 30 areas were significantly different（P<0.05）. The content of polyphenols in bulbs of the same lily species collected from different areas were significantly different（P<0.05）， indicating the differences in lily quality of provenances among the ecological regions. There were significant differences in DPPH radical scavenging ability， copper ion reduction ability， metal chelation ability and lipid peroxidation inhibition ability of 10 lily bulb extracts（P<0.05）， and the antioxidant ability of polyphenol extracts from wild lily bulb was better than that from cultivated Lilium davidii var. unicolor. The antioxidant activity of polyphenol extracts from the same lily bulbs collected from different areas were significantly different（P<0.05）， which indicated that the antioxidant capacity of lily origin was obviously “authentic”. The contents of N， P and K in 10 lily bulbs were significantly different（P<0.05）， and the contents of N， P and K in soils collected from collection areas were significantly different（P<0.05）. Correlation analysis showed significant or extremely significant correlations between polyphenols content and copper ion reduction ability， DPPH free radical scavenging ability and lipid peroxidation inhibition ability of lily bulbs. Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of 10 lily bulbs were correlated with environmental factors to different extents. The environmental factors of the collection areas had different effects on the content of polyphenols and antioxidant activity of lily bulbs， the annual precipitation and annual average temperature were dominant factors. The polyphenols content was significantly positively correlated with the annual minimum temperature， annual precipitation and annual average temperature（P<0.05）. The total anthocyanins content was significantly positively correlated with annual average temperature and wind speed（P<0.05）. The comprehensive evaluation of antioxidant properties of lily polyphenols by using the functional analysis showed that the antioxidant quality of wild lily bulbs was better than that of traditional edible L. davidii var. unicolor. Among them， L. sargentiae in Xinhua Village， Yanjing Township， Baoxing County， Sichuan Province， L. leucanthum in Hongyang Township， Zhenping County， Shaanxi Province and L. lancifolium in Chengguan Town， Ganggao County， Shaanxi Province showed the best comprehensive performances， the bulb extracts of lily species could be used as natural antioxidants for development and utilization.