Rubus (raspberries and blackberries) is a large genus of over 700 species well known for its taxonomic challenges. Many of its species hold significant economic value as important edible and medicinal plants. Here, near-complete genomes for four wild diploid raspberry species were assembled, including R. ellipticus, R. niveus, as well as the highly heterozygous diploid red raspberry (R. idaeus), and its closely related species R. sachalinensis. Pan-genome analysis of Rubus identified 10,243 core gene families (64% of total), and highlights expansions of flavonoid/terpenoid pathways in Rubus, correlating with fruit bioactive compound diversity. Our discovery of shared ancestral components between R. idaeus and R. sachalinensis subgenomes provides evidence for their homoploid hybrid origin. The centromere sequence characteristics could serve as markers for subgenome assignment in R. idaeus and R. sachalinensis. Moreover, population genomic studies of 125 accessions from ca. 80 species uncovered widespread genetic introgression, particularly in red raspberries, with centromeric haplotype signatures tracing ancestral contributions to cultivated varieties. By integrating metabolome and transcriptome data, we explore the fruit quality regulatory network of Chinese raspberries. We identified a glutathione S-transferase gene that may inhibit the successful transport of anthocyanins into the vacuole and appears to be a limiting factor for the anthocyanin pigmentation in R. ellipticus fruits. In summary, this research sheds new light on the genetic intricacies of raspberry species and their cultivars, and provides a robust foundation for horticultural improvement and genomic selection in raspberry breeding.

根系分泌物在调节土壤微生物群落方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，由于其成分复杂、浓度低以及易降解等特性，根系分泌物对微生物生物量、多样性和结构的影响所知甚少。本研究整合了121篇文献中3174个观测数据，系统探究了根系分泌物添加对土壤微生物群落的影响及其机制。结果表明，分泌物添加显著提高微生物生物量(总生物量：+18%；细菌生物量：+31%；真菌生物量：+37%)，但降低α多样性(−6%)、丰富度(−9%)和均匀度(−10%)，同时还显著影响群落结构。天然分泌物因其组成复杂、养分含量高，对微生物生物量的促进作用更强，而合成分泌物通过促进特定细菌类群的过度生长，抑制了微生物群落的多样性。土壤有效氮含量为预测微生物生物量的关键预测指标，而土壤pH则是微生物丰富度和均匀度的重要预测因子。同时，分泌物碳输入速率显著抑制了α多样性，并改变了微生物群落结构。此外，分泌物的碳氮比在调节β多样性及群落结构方面起着关键作用。上述结果强调了分泌物化学性质、实验条件及土壤物理化学特性的重要性，为研究根分泌物对微生物群落的影响机制提供了新视角。

Weasels represent the most widely distributed and diverse lineage within the family Mustelidae. They have experienced adaptive radiation and have long been the subject of significant taxonomic debates. This study undertakes a comprehensive study of this group, employing morphological measurements, mitochondrial genomes, nuclear genes, and single copy orthologs extracted from whole genome data. Based on the outcomes of phylogenetic tree construction using orthologous genes, it is ultimately verified that the genera Mustela and Neogale are independent genera, thereby resolving the controversy regarding the species they encompass. Through molecular systematics and morphological studies, a putative Mustela species collected from Mabian Dafengding National Nature Reserve in Sichuan is confirmed as a new species, designated Mustela mopbie sp. nov. This new species exhibits molecular phylogenetic affinity with M. altaica and M. nivalis, yet shares morphological similarities with M. kathiah, M. nivalis and M. aistoodonnivalis. Notably, it is considerably smaller than these species and possesses distinctive body coloration and tail morphology. This study provides a detailed description of this new species and demonstrates that larger datasets yield more robust phylogenetic signal. Furthermore, we observed substantial incongruence between mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees, suggesting potential genomic introgression between this new species and its closely related congeners (M. altaica and M. nivalis).

植物叶物候对于理解森林动态至关重要。然而，传统监测方法受限于冠层郁闭效应和空间覆盖范围的不足，难以系统刻画森林垂直层次的物候特征。为克服这一技术难题，本研究构建了一套集成无人机与地面固定相机的监测系统，实现了森林林冠层与林下层物候的协同监测。依托浙江天童森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站，该系统于2017–2023年间部署，获取了分辨率达0.075 m × 0.075 m的无人机影像及小时尺度的地面相机影像数据，在群落与物种尺度上追踪了植物的物候变化。基于该系统提取的绿色坐标指数(GCC)与归一化植被指数(NDVI，r = 0.82)、增强型植被指数(EVI，r = 0.91)、总初级生产力(GPP，r = 0.95)以及叶面积指数(LAI，林冠层r = 0.79；林下层r = 0.92)均呈显著相关关系，证实了GCC可作为亚热带森林物候监测的有效指标。监测结果显示，相较于林冠层，林下层叶片成熟时间延迟16.2天，叶片凋落开始和结束的时间分别延迟61.2与11.6天，揭示了林下层的 “物候逃逸” 现象。在林冠层衰老期间，这种物候错位可以维持林下层的碳吸收能力，有效缓冲森林生产力的季节性下降。本方法突破了基于卫星影像和固定观测塔监测物候的局限性，为森林垂直结构研究提供了灵活、可扩展且高性价比的监测手段。通过量化垂直层间的相互作用，本研究将推动生态系统-气候耦合模型的优化，并为气候变化背景下的森林管理提供科学依据。

FT (FLOWERING LOCUS T)是一种由叶片合成并可向顶端分生组织移动的信号蛋白, 作为成花素在开花诱导与发育转变中发挥核心作用。近年来, 围绕FT合成、运输以及成花素激活复合体(FAC)的组装和调控机制等方面的研究取得了重要进展, 为理解植物发育调控网络奠定了坚实基础。近日, 一项最新研究整合了蛋白-DNA互作、液-液相分离及发育时空表达等多重调控机制, 将传统的静态FAC模型拓展为动态、多层次的组装模型, 为理解植物如何整合环境信号以调控生殖发育提供了新的分子视角。鉴于此, 本文系统梳理了有关FT与FAC的研究进展和当前亟待解决的关键问题, 并展望了未来的发展方向, 以期为深入解析植物发育调控机制以及作物育种应用提供新思路。

While conducting a population genetic study aiming at refining previous conclusions about cladogenesis in the Oxera genus (Lamiaceae) in New Caledonia, we uncovered an unexpected result for the well-known Oxera palmatinervia Dubard species. To better understand the preliminary molecular results that revealed two distinct sister species, we performed extensive field studies in order to sample, measure, hand-pollinate, and observe the flower and fruit visitors on different populations of O. palmatinervia and other species of the “robusta” clade. We found flower morphology differences to be congruent with the molecular results, so that we propose to describe a new species as O. sympatrica Gâteblé & Karnadi sp. nov. The differences in flower morphology between the two species, which can grow in true sympatry and flower at the same time of the year, are striking so that flower visitors and pollination syndromes were investigated as far as possible. We find that two species of honeyeaters Glycifohia undulata and Philemon diemenensis are likely the preferred pollinators, respectively, of O. palmatinervia and O. sympatrica sp. nov. because of their respective sizes, bill and tongue lengths, and behavior. Even though, to date, it cannot be proven that initial speciation of both Oxera occurred in sympatry, today's sympatry is observed along with a remarkable supposed coevolution pollination syndrome. The new species is fully described, mapped, evaluated against Red List criteria, and illustrated. Pollination syndromes are discussed and illustrated.

Understanding how East Asian subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests (EBLFs) have evolved over time is not only vital for biodiversity conservation but also facilitates predictive modeling of ecosystem services under global change scenarios. During recent decades, numerous studies have been devoted to investigating the evolution of EBLFs. However, there are often contradictory interpretations of the different taxa associated with different geological events and environmental backgrounds. Here, we synthesize several key aspects of the spatiotemporal evolution of EBLFs. First, the EBLFs emerged concomitantly with the development of Asian monsoon systems, occurring no earlier than the Eocene. While the southernmost region was inhabited by tropical elements, EBLFs are not the direct relic of boreotropical flora because of the presence of a broad arid belt at that time. Rather, they represent a unique assemblage including boreotropical relics, tropical floras and deciduous broad-leaved forests. Second, the evolution of EBLFs should not be contextualized within an enclave, the adjacent vegetation systems to elucidate the potential connections between EBLFs and other biomes should be considered to avoid an isolated phenomenon. Third, the adaptive response of EBLFs to environmental changes caused by anthropogenic disturbance in subtropical regions remains understudied. Such a knowledge gap must be addressed to develop effective conservation strategies to sustain the ecosystem amid the dual pressure of climate change and human activity in the future. Finally, current research has predominantly focused on the dominant tree species in EBLFs, whereas comprehensive understanding requires expanding the investigation of associated flora, including understory trees and herbaceous plants. This review not only consolidates contemporary perspectives on the evolution of EBLFs but also proposes a framework to navigate the Anthropocene challenges. By bridging historical patterns with future projections, we aim to catalyze transformative research on EBLFs’ resilience and sustainable management, fostering further research and development regarding the resurgence.

最新研究发现, 茄科植物中的番茄组与类马铃薯组的祖先物种, 通过一次古老的同倍杂交物种形成事件, 产生了具有“马铃薯/土豆”这一创新性状的马铃薯组祖先物种。这一杂交事件不仅带来了关键创新性状, 还触发了新生态位的开拓, 并最终导致马铃薯组物种的爆发式产生。该研究连同近年来的相关案例, 共同揭示了“交替继承双亲高分化等位基因以产生创新性状”这一同倍杂交物种形成分子机制的普适性。这些发现对于修订传统的二分枝物种形成模型以及推动生物人工育种范式的革新具有重要意义。

为了探究环境变化(气候变暖、放牧强度改变)对高寒草地植物资源分配策略的影响，本研究整合了青藏高原161篇增温和放牧实验研究，验证不同环境条件下植物资源分配策略(最优分配假说、等速分配假说、异速分配假说)的适用性。研究发现：高寒草地植物地上-地下生长关系总体上遵循异速生长假说，且不受增温、放牧及其交互作用的影响。然而，增温导致高寒草原地上生物量减少而地下生物量增加，表明其资源分配策略可能遵循最优分配假说。进一步分析发现，增温与放牧通过改变土壤性质，进而影响生物量累积而非分配模式的差异化响应，佐证了上述结论。此外，增温有助于缓解放牧的负面影响，表明二者交互作用对高寒草地生态系统具有重要影响。总之，本研究结果对理解气候变化背景下适度放牧如何影响高寒草地植物生长具有理论意义。

Hidden hunger, caused by chronic micronutrient deficiencies, affects billions of people worldwide and remains a critical public health issue despite progress in food production. Biofortification offers a promising solution by enhancing nutrient levels within plant tissues through traditional breeding or advanced biotechnologies. Recent advancements in plant synthetic biology have significantly improved biofortification strategies, enabling precise and targeted nutrient enrichment. This mini-review outlines five core strategies in synthetic biology-based biofortification: overexpression of endogenous biosynthetic genes, introduction of heterologous biosynthetic pathways, expression of nutrient-specific transporters, optimization of transcriptional regulation, and protein (directed) evolution. Vitamin B₁ biofortification serves as a primary illustrative example due to its historical importance and ongoing relevance. Recent breakthroughs, particularly from Chinese research teams, are also highlighted. Together, these strategies offer transformative potential for addressing global nutritional challenges through precise, sustainable and innovative plant-based approaches.

干旱是全球农林生产面临的主要非生物胁迫之一。植物通过调控共生微生物群落，形成了多层次的抗旱适应机制，其协同作用机制主要可概括为以下5个方面：(1)通过分泌胞外多糖(EPS)在植物表面形成保护性生物膜，增强保水性和土壤结构稳定性；(2)合成脯氨酸等渗透调节物质维持细胞渗透稳态；(3)产生抗氧化物质清除活性氧，缓解过氧化损伤；(4)分泌植物激素(如生长素)及1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶(ACCD)，调控内源激素代谢平衡；(5)释放挥发性有机化合物、激素及酶等信号分子，激活植物对干旱的适应能力。未来研究需聚焦于宿主特异性抗旱微生物菌群，解析叶际-根际微生物组的协同调控网络，最终通过微生物组工程评价其在农业中的应用效果。

近年来, 植物抗病免疫研究取得了突破性进展, 包括病原识别、免疫信号转导及植物-病原-介体-环境互作等。这些研究不仅增强了我们对植物抗病免疫的理解, 还为分子育种和分子遗传学研究奠定了坚实的基础。近期, 国内多家单位相继在植物免疫机制研究中取得了令人振奋的新突破, 从植物应对病原的识别机制、次级代谢产物参与植物抗病反应过程、 禾本科作物的抗病模块和基于人工智能的抗病小肽设计等不同层面对植物免疫反应的分子机制进行了深入解析。随着CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术和人工智能的快速发展, 这些研究成果将有助于创制具有抗病特性的新种质, 从而加速抗病作物新品种的培育过程, 对于抗病生物育种和国家粮食安全具有重要意义。

近年来, 植物逆境生物学领域在极端温度与盐碱胁迫响应机制研究方面取得了重要进展, 不仅拓宽了我们对植物抗逆性的理解, 还为分子育种提供了丰富的靶点, 为培育顺境高产、逆境稳产的“气候智能”作物品种开辟了新途径。该文简要总结了植物感知和转导极端温度与盐碱胁迫信号的分子机制, 讨论了植物生长发育与胁迫耐受的平衡调控, 着重介绍了我国科学家近期在协同提高作物耐逆与产量的关键基因挖掘和机制解析方面的突破性成果, 并提出了未来的育种策略。

Most species in the early divergent angiosperm family Annonaceae are apocarpous, with very diverse gynoecial morphologies. Although several Annonaceae genera with apocarpous flowers are known to possess an extragynoecial compitum (EGC) that enables intercarpellary pollen-tube growth to enhance fertilization success, the occurrence of EGC across the whole family remains obscure. Twenty Annonaceae species from all four subfamilies (Anaxagoreoideae, Ambavioideae, Annonoideae, and Malmeoideae) are examined here, with anatomical evidence revealing the occurrence of stigmatic exudate-mediated suprastylar EGC in all four subfamilies. Histological and ontogenetic studies furthermore indicate that trichomes in Cananga and Drepananthus form a confluent zone that connects adjacent stigmas, providing a structural premise for suprastylar EGC. Infrastylar EGC are reported in the Annonaceae for the first time in several genera, including Artabotrys, Annona, and Miliusa, associated with the opening on the ovary ventral groove and/or basal placentation. In addition to the sister genera Isolona and Monodora that are clearly syncarpous, flowers of the distantly related genus Cyathocalyx with a unicarpellate gynoecium have also been hypothesized to be syncarpous. Evidence of carpel vasculature and primordium development does not support that the solitary Cyathocalyx carpel is originated from carpel fusion, however, although the increased number of ovules renders it functionally similar to syncarpy. Gynoecial features, including the extensive occurrence of EGC and the increased number of ovules per carpel (consonant with reduction to a solitary carpel) in Cyathocalyx, may have evolved to overcome limitations associated with apocarpy and possibly contribute to the reproductive success and diversification of the family.

Plants have evolved a remarkable ability to sense and respond to changes in photoperiod, allowing adjustments to their growth and development based on seasonal and environmental cues. The floral transition is a pivotal stage in plant growth and development, signifying a shift from vegetative to reproductive growth. CONSTANS (CO), a central photoperiodic response factor conserved in various plants, mediates day-length signals to control the floral transition, although its mechanisms of action vary among plants with different day-length requirements. In addition, recent studies have uncovered roles for CO in organ development and stress responses. These pleiotropic roles in model plants and crops make CO a potentially fruitful target for molecular breeding aimed at modifying crop agronomic traits. This review systematically traces research on CO, from its discovery and functional studies to the exploration of its regulatory mechanisms and newly discovered functions, providing important insight into the roles of CO and laying a foundation for future research.