植物叶物候对于理解森林动态至关重要。然而，传统监测方法受限于冠层郁闭效应和空间覆盖范围的不足，难以系统刻画森林垂直层次的物候特征。为克服这一技术难题，本研究构建了一套集成无人机与地面固定相机的监测系统，实现了森林林冠层与林下层物候的协同监测。依托浙江天童森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站，该系统于2017–2023年间部署，获取了分辨率达0.075 m × 0.075 m的无人机影像及小时尺度的地面相机影像数据，在群落与物种尺度上追踪了植物的物候变化。基于该系统提取的绿色坐标指数(GCC)与归一化植被指数(NDVI，r = 0.82)、增强型植被指数(EVI，r = 0.91)、总初级生产力(GPP，r = 0.95)以及叶面积指数(LAI，林冠层r = 0.79；林下层r = 0.92)均呈显著相关关系，证实了GCC可作为亚热带森林物候监测的有效指标。监测结果显示，相较于林冠层，林下层叶片成熟时间延迟16.2天，叶片凋落开始和结束的时间分别延迟61.2与11.6天，揭示了林下层的 “物候逃逸” 现象。在林冠层衰老期间，这种物候错位可以维持林下层的碳吸收能力，有效缓冲森林生产力的季节性下降。本方法突破了基于卫星影像和固定观测塔监测物候的局限性，为森林垂直结构研究提供了灵活、可扩展且高性价比的监测手段。通过量化垂直层间的相互作用，本研究将推动生态系统-气候耦合模型的优化，并为气候变化背景下的森林管理提供科学依据。

While conducting a population genetic study aiming at refining previous conclusions about cladogenesis in the Oxera genus (Lamiaceae) in New Caledonia, we uncovered an unexpected result for the well-known Oxera palmatinervia Dubard species. To better understand the preliminary molecular results that revealed two distinct sister species, we performed extensive field studies in order to sample, measure, hand-pollinate, and observe the flower and fruit visitors on different populations of O. palmatinervia and other species of the “robusta” clade. We found flower morphology differences to be congruent with the molecular results, so that we propose to describe a new species as O. sympatrica Gâteblé & Karnadi sp. nov. The differences in flower morphology between the two species, which can grow in true sympatry and flower at the same time of the year, are striking so that flower visitors and pollination syndromes were investigated as far as possible. We find that two species of honeyeaters Glycifohia undulata and Philemon diemenensis are likely the preferred pollinators, respectively, of O. palmatinervia and O. sympatrica sp. nov. because of their respective sizes, bill and tongue lengths, and behavior. Even though, to date, it cannot be proven that initial speciation of both Oxera occurred in sympatry, today's sympatry is observed along with a remarkable supposed coevolution pollination syndrome. The new species is fully described, mapped, evaluated against Red List criteria, and illustrated. Pollination syndromes are discussed and illustrated.

Understanding how East Asian subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests (EBLFs) have evolved over time is not only vital for biodiversity conservation but also facilitates predictive modeling of ecosystem services under global change scenarios. During recent decades, numerous studies have been devoted to investigating the evolution of EBLFs. However, there are often contradictory interpretations of the different taxa associated with different geological events and environmental backgrounds. Here, we synthesize several key aspects of the spatiotemporal evolution of EBLFs. First, the EBLFs emerged concomitantly with the development of Asian monsoon systems, occurring no earlier than the Eocene. While the southernmost region was inhabited by tropical elements, EBLFs are not the direct relic of boreotropical flora because of the presence of a broad arid belt at that time. Rather, they represent a unique assemblage including boreotropical relics, tropical floras and deciduous broad-leaved forests. Second, the evolution of EBLFs should not be contextualized within an enclave, the adjacent vegetation systems to elucidate the potential connections between EBLFs and other biomes should be considered to avoid an isolated phenomenon. Third, the adaptive response of EBLFs to environmental changes caused by anthropogenic disturbance in subtropical regions remains understudied. Such a knowledge gap must be addressed to develop effective conservation strategies to sustain the ecosystem amid the dual pressure of climate change and human activity in the future. Finally, current research has predominantly focused on the dominant tree species in EBLFs, whereas comprehensive understanding requires expanding the investigation of associated flora, including understory trees and herbaceous plants. This review not only consolidates contemporary perspectives on the evolution of EBLFs but also proposes a framework to navigate the Anthropocene challenges. By bridging historical patterns with future projections, we aim to catalyze transformative research on EBLFs’ resilience and sustainable management, fostering further research and development regarding the resurgence.

最新研究发现, 茄科植物中的番茄组与类马铃薯组的祖先物种, 通过一次古老的同倍杂交物种形成事件, 产生了具有“马铃薯/土豆”这一创新性状的马铃薯组祖先物种。这一杂交事件不仅带来了关键创新性状, 还触发了新生态位的开拓, 并最终导致马铃薯组物种的爆发式产生。该研究连同近年来的相关案例, 共同揭示了“交替继承双亲高分化等位基因以产生创新性状”这一同倍杂交物种形成分子机制的普适性。这些发现对于修订传统的二分枝物种形成模型以及推动生物人工育种范式的革新具有重要意义。

为了探究环境变化(气候变暖、放牧强度改变)对高寒草地植物资源分配策略的影响，本研究整合了青藏高原161篇增温和放牧实验研究，验证不同环境条件下植物资源分配策略(最优分配假说、等速分配假说、异速分配假说)的适用性。研究发现：高寒草地植物地上-地下生长关系总体上遵循异速生长假说，且不受增温、放牧及其交互作用的影响。然而，增温导致高寒草原地上生物量减少而地下生物量增加，表明其资源分配策略可能遵循最优分配假说。进一步分析发现，增温与放牧通过改变土壤性质，进而影响生物量累积而非分配模式的差异化响应，佐证了上述结论。此外，增温有助于缓解放牧的负面影响，表明二者交互作用对高寒草地生态系统具有重要影响。总之，本研究结果对理解气候变化背景下适度放牧如何影响高寒草地植物生长具有理论意义。

Hidden hunger, caused by chronic micronutrient deficiencies, affects billions of people worldwide and remains a critical public health issue despite progress in food production. Biofortification offers a promising solution by enhancing nutrient levels within plant tissues through traditional breeding or advanced biotechnologies. Recent advancements in plant synthetic biology have significantly improved biofortification strategies, enabling precise and targeted nutrient enrichment. This mini-review outlines five core strategies in synthetic biology-based biofortification: overexpression of endogenous biosynthetic genes, introduction of heterologous biosynthetic pathways, expression of nutrient-specific transporters, optimization of transcriptional regulation, and protein (directed) evolution. Vitamin B₁ biofortification serves as a primary illustrative example due to its historical importance and ongoing relevance. Recent breakthroughs, particularly from Chinese research teams, are also highlighted. Together, these strategies offer transformative potential for addressing global nutritional challenges through precise, sustainable and innovative plant-based approaches.

干旱是全球农林生产面临的主要非生物胁迫之一。植物通过调控共生微生物群落，形成了多层次的抗旱适应机制，其协同作用机制主要可概括为以下5个方面：(1)通过分泌胞外多糖(EPS)在植物表面形成保护性生物膜，增强保水性和土壤结构稳定性；(2)合成脯氨酸等渗透调节物质维持细胞渗透稳态；(3)产生抗氧化物质清除活性氧，缓解过氧化损伤；(4)分泌植物激素(如生长素)及1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶(ACCD)，调控内源激素代谢平衡；(5)释放挥发性有机化合物、激素及酶等信号分子，激活植物对干旱的适应能力。未来研究需聚焦于宿主特异性抗旱微生物菌群，解析叶际-根际微生物组的协同调控网络，最终通过微生物组工程评价其在农业中的应用效果。

近年来, 植物抗病免疫研究取得了突破性进展, 包括病原识别、免疫信号转导及植物-病原-介体-环境互作等。这些研究不仅增强了我们对植物抗病免疫的理解, 还为分子育种和分子遗传学研究奠定了坚实的基础。近期, 国内多家单位相继在植物免疫机制研究中取得了令人振奋的新突破, 从植物应对病原的识别机制、次级代谢产物参与植物抗病反应过程、 禾本科作物的抗病模块和基于人工智能的抗病小肽设计等不同层面对植物免疫反应的分子机制进行了深入解析。随着CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术和人工智能的快速发展, 这些研究成果将有助于创制具有抗病特性的新种质, 从而加速抗病作物新品种的培育过程, 对于抗病生物育种和国家粮食安全具有重要意义。

近年来, 植物逆境生物学领域在极端温度与盐碱胁迫响应机制研究方面取得了重要进展, 不仅拓宽了我们对植物抗逆性的理解, 还为分子育种提供了丰富的靶点, 为培育顺境高产、逆境稳产的“气候智能”作物品种开辟了新途径。该文简要总结了植物感知和转导极端温度与盐碱胁迫信号的分子机制, 讨论了植物生长发育与胁迫耐受的平衡调控, 着重介绍了我国科学家近期在协同提高作物耐逆与产量的关键基因挖掘和机制解析方面的突破性成果, 并提出了未来的育种策略。

Most species in the early divergent angiosperm family Annonaceae are apocarpous, with very diverse gynoecial morphologies. Although several Annonaceae genera with apocarpous flowers are known to possess an extragynoecial compitum (EGC) that enables intercarpellary pollen-tube growth to enhance fertilization success, the occurrence of EGC across the whole family remains obscure. Twenty Annonaceae species from all four subfamilies (Anaxagoreoideae, Ambavioideae, Annonoideae, and Malmeoideae) are examined here, with anatomical evidence revealing the occurrence of stigmatic exudate-mediated suprastylar EGC in all four subfamilies. Histological and ontogenetic studies furthermore indicate that trichomes in Cananga and Drepananthus form a confluent zone that connects adjacent stigmas, providing a structural premise for suprastylar EGC. Infrastylar EGC are reported in the Annonaceae for the first time in several genera, including Artabotrys, Annona, and Miliusa, associated with the opening on the ovary ventral groove and/or basal placentation. In addition to the sister genera Isolona and Monodora that are clearly syncarpous, flowers of the distantly related genus Cyathocalyx with a unicarpellate gynoecium have also been hypothesized to be syncarpous. Evidence of carpel vasculature and primordium development does not support that the solitary Cyathocalyx carpel is originated from carpel fusion, however, although the increased number of ovules renders it functionally similar to syncarpy. Gynoecial features, including the extensive occurrence of EGC and the increased number of ovules per carpel (consonant with reduction to a solitary carpel) in Cyathocalyx, may have evolved to overcome limitations associated with apocarpy and possibly contribute to the reproductive success and diversification of the family.

Plants have evolved a remarkable ability to sense and respond to changes in photoperiod, allowing adjustments to their growth and development based on seasonal and environmental cues. The floral transition is a pivotal stage in plant growth and development, signifying a shift from vegetative to reproductive growth. CONSTANS (CO), a central photoperiodic response factor conserved in various plants, mediates day-length signals to control the floral transition, although its mechanisms of action vary among plants with different day-length requirements. In addition, recent studies have uncovered roles for CO in organ development and stress responses. These pleiotropic roles in model plants and crops make CO a potentially fruitful target for molecular breeding aimed at modifying crop agronomic traits. This review systematically traces research on CO, from its discovery and functional studies to the exploration of its regulatory mechanisms and newly discovered functions, providing important insight into the roles of CO and laying a foundation for future research.

Among the lineages of the tree of life, land plants exhibit a remarkably high genomic disparity because of their distinct evolutionary trajectories in the phylogenetic history of their major lineages. The macroevolutionary pattern of genomic evolution has been mainly investigated to obtain insights into well-studied lineages such as angiosperms, but little attention has been given to many important lineages such as bryophytes. This study was designed to resolve this gap by comparing the genomic evolution trajectories of mosses and liverworts. Thus, a data set comprising chromosome number and genome size was compiled, including previously published and newly generated data that were used to trace the phylogenetic history of these two parameters among mosses and liverworts via ancestral state reconstruction and phylogenetic comparative analyses. Contrasting patterns of chromosome number and genome size evolutions were detected between the two sister lineages. Mosses accumulated high chromosome number disparity via repeated whole-genome duplications and descending dysploidy but maintained a small genome size. By contrast, the chromosome number of liverworts was highly conserved, and heterogeneous trends in genome size evolution were identified among major lineages. These contrasting patterns may be partly explained by the difference in genomic dynamics: Active dynamics enables genome downsizing and reorganization in mosses, whereas genome stability leads to the accumulation of large genomes in liverworts. The results of this study confirmed the distinct trends of genomic evolution in bryophytes.

2024年中国科学家在植物科学主流期刊发表的论文数量相比2023年大幅提升, 在植物激素调控、病理学、合成生物学、耐逆性机制、系统发育与基因组学等领域取得了重要研究进展。其中, “紫杉醇生物合成”和“实现一年生与多年生植物的自由转换”入选2024年度中国生命科学十大进展。该文总结了2024年度我国植物科学研究取得的成果, 简要介绍了50项有代表性的重要进展, 以帮助读者了解我国植物科学的发展态势, 进而思考如何更好地开展下阶段研究工作和服务国家战略需求。

功能基因表达是连接基因编码信息与蛋白质产物的一个基本生命过程, 基因表达水平被视为介于基因型与表现型之间的一种数量性状, 在植物应对气候和环境变化时发挥重要作用。该文首先系统综述了植物基因表达调控因子研究进展, 包括转录因子和小RNA等在基因表达调控中的作用。其次, 探讨了基于基因表达数据进行全基因组关联分析(GWAS)估计调控因子基因的表达数量性状基因座(eQTLs)位置以及该方法的局限性。随后从理论上分析了在突变、漂变、选择和迁移过程中的种内基因表达变异与检验方法, 在突变-漂变过程中以及在基于系统发育树的漂变-选择过程中的种间基因表达进化与检测方法。最后, 探讨了植物交配系统对基因表达进化的调控, 自交降低了有效群体大小、突变率、基因重组及外源花粉竞争, 改变了配子与合子阶段的自然选择功效等, 从而间接调控种内基因表达变异和种间基因表达进化。全文综合评述了目前的理论和实际研究进展及存在的问题, 有助于深入理解植物基因表达调控和进化机制。