Comparative analyses in ecology and evolution often face the challenge of controlling for the effects of shared ancestry (phylogeny) from those of ecological or trait-based predictors on species traits. Phylogenetic Generalized Linear Models (PGLMs) address this issue by integrating phylogenetic relationships into statistical models. However, accurately partitioning explained variance among correlated predictors remains challenging. The phylolm.hp R package tackles this problem by extending the concept of “average shared variance” to PGLMs, enabling nuanced quantification of the relative importance of phylogeny and other predictors. The package calculates individual likelihood-based R² contributions of phylogeny and each predictor, accounting for both unique and shared explained variance. This approach overcomes limitations of traditional partial R² methods, which often fail to sum the total R² due to multicollinearity. We demonstrate the functionality of phylolm.hp through two case studies: one involving continuous trait data (maximum tree height in Californian species) and another focusing on binary trait data (species invasiveness in North American forests). The phylolm.hp package offers researchers a powerful tool to disentangle the contributions of phylogenetic and ecological predictors in comparative analyses.

The ecological and evolutionary mechanisms underlying montane biodiversity patterns remain unresolved. To understand which factors determined community assembly rules in mountains, biogeographic affinity that represents the biogeographic and evolutionary history of species should incorporate with current environments. We aim to address two following questions: 1) How does plant taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity with disparate biogeographic affinities vary along the subtropical elevational gradient? 2) How do biogeographic affinity and environmental drivers regulate the community assembly? We collected woody plant survey data of 32 forest plots in a subtropical mountain of Mt. Guanshan with typical transitional characteristics, including 250 woody plant species belonging to 56 families and 118 genera. We estimated the effects of biogeographic affinity, climate and soil properties on taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of plant communities employing linear regression and structural equation models. We found that the richness of temperate-affiliated species increased with elevations, but the evenness decreased, while tropical-affiliated species had no significant patterns. Winter temperature directly or indirectly via biogeographic affinity shaped the assemblage of woody plant communities along elevations. Biogeographic affinity affected what kind of species could colonize higher elevations while local environment determined their fitness to adapt. These results suggest that biogeographic affinity and local environment jointly lead to the dominance of temperate-affiliated species at higher elevations and shape the diversity of woody plant communities along elevational gradients. Our findings highlight the legacy effect of biogeographic affinity on the composition and structure of subtropical montane forests.

A robust and stable phylogenetic framework is a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. As the third largest insect order, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are central to terrestrial ecosystems and serve as important models for biologists studying ecology and evolutionary biology. However, for such an insect group, the higher-level phylogenetic relationships among its superfamilies remain poorly resolved. Here, we increased taxon sampling among Lepidoptera (37 superfamilies and 68 families containing 263 taxa), obtaining a series of amino-acid data sets from 69 680 to 400 330 aa in length for phylogenomic reconstructions. Using these data sets, we explored the effect of different taxon sampling with significant increases in gene loci on tree topology using maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. Moreover, we also tested the effectiveness of topology robustness among the three ML-based models. The results demonstrated that taxon sampling is an important determinant in tree robustness of accurate phylogenetic estimation for species-rich groups. Site-wise heterogeneity was identified as a significant source of bias, causing inconsistent phylogenetic positions among ditrysian lineages. The application of the posterior mean site frequency (PMSF) model provided reliable estimates for higher-level phylogenetic relationships of Lepidoptera. Phylogenetic inference presented a comprehensive framework among lepidopteran superfamilies, and revealed some new sister relationships with strong supports (Papilionoidea is sister to Gelechioidea, Immoidea is sister to Galacticoidea, and Pyraloidea is sister to Hyblaeoidea, respectively). The current study provides essential insights for future phylogenomic investigations in species-rich lineages of Lepidoptera and enhances our understanding on phylogenomics of highly diversified groups.

Recent phylogenomic studies have confirmed that Scirtidae is one of the earliest-diverging groups of polyphagan beetles. Cretaceous fossils and genome-scale data have shown promise in elucidating the evolutionary history of Scirtidae. However, knowledge about the Mesozoic diversity of scirtids remains limited, and a recent phylogenomic study of Australasian Scirtinae failed to consider among-site compositional heterogeneity. In this study, we present a refined phylogeny of Scirtinae by analyzing ultraconserved element data under the better-fitting site-heterogeneous CAT-GTR+G4 model. A new scirtine fossil, Serracyphon philipsi gen. et sp. nov., is reported from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber. This fossil is characterized by serrate antennae, uncarinated antennomere 1, absence of subocular carinae, and absence of a buttonhole on subgenal ridges. The placement of Serracyphon is evaluated within our updated phylogenomic framework for scirtine evolution. Additionally, we critically reevaluate the taxonomy of the “Scirtes” fossils previously described from the Eocene of the Isle of Wight.

The genus Micromonospora, a globally distributed actinomycete inhabiting diverse ecosystems, is widely recognized for its remarkable biosynthetic capacity and role as a prolific source of bioactive natural products. However, the members of the genus Micromonospora from extreme environments remain largely unstudied. In this study, we isolated 15 Micromonospora spp. strains from samples collected in desert and marine habitats. Based on polyphasic taxonomy approaches eight strains were identified and represent four novel species. Genome mining of the newly isolated strains revealed substantial biosynthetic potential for terpenes (n = 70, 22.9% of total biosynthetic gene clusters [BGCs]) and polyketides (n = 60, 19.6% of total BGCs). Subsequent pan-genomic analysis identified substantial numbers of terpene-related (n = 745, 33.8% of total biosynthetic genes [BGs]) and polyketide-related (n = 728, 33.0%) BGs in the core genome, highlighting their core biosynthetic potential. To further investigate their metabolic capacity, fermentation and metabolomic profiling were conducted to assess the secondary metabolite production capacity of all 15 strains. The results revealed a diverse array of alkaloids (averaging 75.3, 33.4% of total annotated secondary metabolites) and amino acid-derived peptides (averaging 56.3, 25.0% of total). These findings also highlight significant metabolic variations among strains and underscore the pivotal role of fermentation conditions in shaping their metabolic profiles. This study advances the taxonomic and functional understanding of Micromonospora spp. and presents a multi-omics framework combining genome mining and metabolomics to explore the biosynthetic potential of wild-type strains from extreme habitats.

The maintenance of species boundaries between widespread and narrow endemic congeneric species in sympatric sites remains a fundamental question in ecology and evolutionary biology. For plants with specialized pollination mechanisms, pre- and postpollination isolation mechanisms likely play distinct roles in reproductive isolation and species integrity. Parnassia (Celastraceae) is characterized by one-by-one stamen movement and has its distribution center in southwest China, where many widespread and local endemic species coexist. To quantify pre- and postpollination barriers and their relative roles in maintaining species boundaries, we conducted field experiments with the widespread Parnassia wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn. and the local endemic Parnassia amoena Diels over two separate years at Jinfo Mountain, southwest China. We examined four prepollination barriers (ecogeography, blooming phenology, stamen movement, and pollinator type) and three postpollination barriers (fruit set, seed production, and seed viability). Our findings indicate that prepollination barriers played a more significant role in reproductive isolation than postpollination barriers. For the widely distributed P. wightiana, ecogeographical isolation was the primary barrier, followed by phenology and pollinator type isolation. In the narrow endemic P. amoena, which exhibits slower stamen movement, this feature contributed significantly to isolation, with phenological isolation being the second most important factor. Among postpollination barriers, seed viability was the most significant for both species. Our results indicate that prepollination barriers are the predominant isolation mechanism for these two sympatric Parnassia species, and stamen movement may serve as a novel type of prepollination barrier, particularly for the narrow endemic species.

Floral color and odor serve as attractants for pollinators. It remains unclear how changes in these traits in color-change species interact with pollinators and impact a plant's reproductive success. Lonicera calcarata flowers change from white (Night 1 [N1] and Day 1 [D1]) through yellow (Night 2 [N2]) and orange (Day 2 [D2]) to orange-red (Night 3 [N3] and Day 3 [D3]). Our research showed that floral characters, stigma activity, nectar production and floral spectral reflectance decreased through the flowering phases. Floral odor mainly comprised fatty acids, aldehydes, monoterpenes and alcohols, especially n-hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanal and 3-carene. Floral odor peaked on N1 and N3, largely due to the presence of fatty acids. The emission of n-hexadecanoic acid was higher on N1 and N3 compared with other phases, while hexadecanal emission remained constant throughout the flowering stages. The emission of 3-carene was highest on N1. Lonicera calcarata was mainly pollinated by the moth Chorodna strixaria, the butterfly Acosmeryx naga and three bumblebees (Bombus melanurus, B. eximius, B. sonani) and they all preferred to visit white (younger) flowers. Moths had a preference for 3-carene and no significant preference for n-hexadecanoic acid and hexadecanal. Seed sets of nocturnal pollination and control treatments were not significantly different. Lonicera calcarata could produce seeds by self-pollination; cross-pollination significantly increased the seed set. Floral color guides pollinators to visit younger flowers with more floral rewards and higher stigma activity. Different chemical compounds in floral odor may not only attract pollinators but also avoid herbivore damage.

Due to the high cost of whole-genome sequencing and the sampling difficulty of transcriptome sequencing in non-model plants, evolutionary studies often depend on next-generation sequencing (NGS) data. Nonetheless, current approaches typically focus on assembling chloroplast genomes or a few nuclear loci, leaving much of the genomic information from NGS underexploited. In this study, we employed multigenomic data sets and advanced analytical pipelines to reconstruct a robust phylogenetic framework for 39 Bupleurum. Nuclear gene data sets and organellar genomes derived from NGS were analyzed. We successfully reconstructed a robust phylogenetic framework for East Asia (EA) Bupleurum, in which two clades were strongly supported and all intersectional relationships were resolved. Phylogenetic discordance was mainly caused by incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization. Divergence dating estimated the origin of Bupleurum at ∼50.76 Ma, with the two subgenera (Penninervia and Bupleurum) diverging at 42.26 Ma. The EA lineages emerged around 22.85 Ma, with Group I diverging at 11 Ma and Group II at 8.72 Ma. Notably, diversification rates remained stable within both EA groups. Combined with geological events and gene–environment correlations, precipitation seasonality (PSN) showed the strongest phylogenetic signals with the Single Copy Orthologue (SCO) tree. The arid event in Central Asia may have driven the adaptation of EA Bupleurum (especially in EA Group II species) to arid, sun-exposed environments. By integrating phylogenetics, geology, and environmental data, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary history and adaptive strategies of Bupleurum in EA, offering valuable insight into the interplay between genetic and ecological factors in plant diversification.

Although considerable progress has recently been made in the phylogeny of Hymenasplenium, the genus remains poorly investigated; specifically, the diversification and historical biogeography of the genus have been little studied. Here, we infer an updated plastid DNA phylogeny and the first large-scale nuclear DNA phylogeny to understand the biogeography of the genus. The plastid phylogeny includes 312 accessions from across the genus′ distribution range (ca. 121% increase of the latest sampling), with special attention paid to island accessions from 14 Indian Ocean and Pacific islands, whereas the nuclear phylogeny includes 161 accessions of the Afro–Eurasian species. We identify one new major clade and two new subclades. Reticulate evolution was revealed both among subclades and among species in the Afro–Eurasian. Our divergence-time analyses show that most of the extant species diversity has arisen from diversification after the Oligocene despite a Cretaceous origin of the genus. Ancestral area reconstruction revealed that vicariance likely played a major role in building biogeographic patterns at deep evolutionary scales (the Afro–Eurasian clade and the American clade) in Hymenasplenium, while the intercontinental disjunctions within the Afro–Eurasian clade among Asia, Africa, and Oceania might have resulted from frequent long-distance dispersal events from Asia to Oceania and Africa.

Understanding how East Asian subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests (EBLFs) have evolved over time is not only vital for biodiversity conservation but also facilitates predictive modeling of ecosystem services under global change scenarios. During recent decades, numerous studies have been devoted to investigating the evolution of EBLFs. However, there are often contradictory interpretations of the different taxa associated with different geological events and environmental backgrounds. Here, we synthesize several key aspects of the spatiotemporal evolution of EBLFs. First, the EBLFs emerged concomitantly with the development of Asian monsoon systems, occurring no earlier than the Eocene. While the southernmost region was inhabited by tropical elements, EBLFs are not the direct relic of boreotropical flora because of the presence of a broad arid belt at that time. Rather, they represent a unique assemblage including boreotropical relics, tropical floras and deciduous broad-leaved forests. Second, the evolution of EBLFs should not be contextualized within an enclave, the adjacent vegetation systems to elucidate the potential connections between EBLFs and other biomes should be considered to avoid an isolated phenomenon. Third, the adaptive response of EBLFs to environmental changes caused by anthropogenic disturbance in subtropical regions remains understudied. Such a knowledge gap must be addressed to develop effective conservation strategies to sustain the ecosystem amid the dual pressure of climate change and human activity in the future. Finally, current research has predominantly focused on the dominant tree species in EBLFs, whereas comprehensive understanding requires expanding the investigation of associated flora, including understory trees and herbaceous plants. This review not only consolidates contemporary perspectives on the evolution of EBLFs but also proposes a framework to navigate the Anthropocene challenges. By bridging historical patterns with future projections, we aim to catalyze transformative research on EBLFs’ resilience and sustainable management, fostering further research and development regarding the resurgence.

为了探究环境变化(气候变暖、放牧强度改变)对高寒草地植物资源分配策略的影响，本研究整合了青藏高原161篇增温和放牧实验研究，验证不同环境条件下植物资源分配策略(最优分配假说、等速分配假说、异速分配假说)的适用性。研究发现：高寒草地植物地上-地下生长关系总体上遵循异速生长假说，且不受增温、放牧及其交互作用的影响。然而，增温导致高寒草原地上生物量减少而地下生物量增加，表明其资源分配策略可能遵循最优分配假说。进一步分析发现，增温与放牧通过改变土壤性质，进而影响生物量累积而非分配模式的差异化响应，佐证了上述结论。此外，增温有助于缓解放牧的负面影响，表明二者交互作用对高寒草地生态系统具有重要影响。总之，本研究结果对理解气候变化背景下适度放牧如何影响高寒草地植物生长具有理论意义。

干旱是全球农林生产面临的主要非生物胁迫之一。植物通过调控共生微生物群落，形成了多层次的抗旱适应机制，其协同作用机制主要可概括为以下5个方面：(1)通过分泌胞外多糖(EPS)在植物表面形成保护性生物膜，增强保水性和土壤结构稳定性；(2)合成脯氨酸等渗透调节物质维持细胞渗透稳态；(3)产生抗氧化物质清除活性氧，缓解过氧化损伤；(4)分泌植物激素(如生长素)及1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶(ACCD)，调控内源激素代谢平衡；(5)释放挥发性有机化合物、激素及酶等信号分子，激活植物对干旱的适应能力。未来研究需聚焦于宿主特异性抗旱微生物菌群，解析叶际-根际微生物组的协同调控网络，最终通过微生物组工程评价其在农业中的应用效果。

Inferring general biogeographic patterns in the sub-Antarctic region has been challenging due to the disparate geological origins of its islands and archipelagos—ranging from Gondwanan fragments to uplifted seafloor and more recently formed volcanic islands—and the remoteness of these island systems, spread around the austral continental landmasses. Here, we conduct phylogenetic reconstruction, divergence time estimation, and Bayesian Island Biogeographic analyses to reconstruct the spatio–temporal colonization histories of seven vascular plant lineages, which are either widespread across the sub-Antarctic region (Acaena magellanica, Austroblechnum penna-marina, Azorella selago, Notogrammitis crassior) or restricted to an extremely remote sub-Antarctic province (Colobanthus kerguelensis, Polystichum marionense, Pringlea antiscorbutica). Our results reveal high biological connectivity within the sub-Antarctic region, with southern landmasses (Australia, New Zealand, South America) as key sources of sub-Antarctic plant diversity since the Miocene, supporting long-distance dispersal as the primary colonization mechanism rather than tectonic vicariance. Despite the geographic isolation of the sub-Antarctic islands, eastward and westward colonization events have maintained this connectivity, likely facilitated by eastward-moving marine and wind currents, short-term weather systems, and/or dispersal by birds. Divergence time estimates indicate that most species diverged within the Plio–Pleistocene, with crown ages predating the Last Glacial Maximum, suggesting that sub-Antarctic archipelagos acted as refuges for biodiversity. Our findings highlight the role of one of the most remote sub-Antarctic archipelagos as both a refugium and a source of (re)colonization for continental regions. These results underscore the urgent need for establishing priority conservation plans in the sub-Antarctic, particularly in the face of climate change.

Transgenic and gene-editing technologies are essential for gene functional analysis and crop improvement. However, the pleiotropic effects and unknown mechanisms of morphogenic genes have hindered their broader application. In this study, we employed the one-step de novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) method, and demonstrated that overexpression of the morphogenic gene Arabidopsis thanalia GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR 5 (AtGRF5) significantly enhanced genetic transformation efficiency in cucurbit crops by promoting callus proliferation and increasing dense cells during regeneration. High-resolution time-series transcriptomics and single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that AtGRF5 overexpression induced auxin-related genes and expanded stem cell populations during cucumber DNSO. Using DNA-affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) in combination with spatiotemporal differential gene expression analysis, we identified CsIAA19 as a key downstream target of AtGRF5, with its modulation playing a pivotal role in regeneration. Rescuing CsIAA19 in AtGRF5-overexpressing explant reversed the enhanced callus proliferation and regeneration. To address growth defects caused by AtGRF5 overexpression, we developed an abscisic acid-inducible AtGRF5 expression system, significantly improving transformation and gene-editing efficiency across diverse genotypes while minimizing pleiotropic effects. In summary, this research provides mechanistic insights into AtGRF5-mediated transformation and offers a practical solution to overcome challenges in cucurbit crop genetic modification.

病原体侵染严重威胁植物的正常生长发育, 是造成作物减产的主要因素之一。植物免疫系统在植物抵抗病原体侵染中发挥核心作用。自2006年提出植物免疫系统主要由模式触发的免疫(PTI)和效应子触发的免疫(ETI)两层防御体系组成以来, 大量的研究工作聚焦于解析PTI和ETI中的关键受体/共受体、PTI和ETI信号通路的组分及其作用机制、植物免疫激素水杨酸和茉莉素的合成与信号转导, 逐步形成了以病原体识别、活性氧爆发、Ca²⁺内流、MAPK级联信号转导及下游防御基因诱导表达为核心的复杂免疫调控网络。近年的研究表明, 植物免疫相关基因的表达不仅受到转录调控, 其mRNA的稳定性、翻译效率和翻译产物也受到多种转录后调控机制的影响, 包括可变剪接、m⁶A修饰、小RNA、uORF和R-motif。该文概述了植物免疫系统的组成和主要的调控通路及其组分, 详述了转录后调控对植物免疫的影响及病原体对相关调控作用的干扰机制, 梳理了转录后调控元件在作物中的应用, 为保障粮食安全、提高作物抗病性以及分子育种元件筛选提供参考。

植物-土壤反馈(interspecific plant–soil feedback, PSF)，即一种植物通过改变土壤条件影响另一种植物，在调控生态系统过程中起着关键作用。然而，植物物种起源和系统发育关系如何影响PSF及其相对重要性，还缺乏系统研究。为此，本研究利用温室盆栽实验，将10种本地植物分别种植于由10种本地和10种外来植物接种后的土壤，探究物种起源和系统发育距离在影响种间PSF的作用。本研究选择的植物的系统发育距离从共同祖先开始横跨2.7亿年，具有较远的进化距离。研究结果表明，本地植物和外来植物处理后的土壤均都降低了植物生物量，其中本地植物处理的土壤对生物量的抑制作用更强。这可能是因为与外来植物处理的土壤相比，本地植物处理的土壤具有较低的磷含量、较高的呼吸速率、阳离子交换能力、盐基饱和度和镁含量。然而，不论用于处理土壤的植物物种起源如何，系统发育距离均未对PSF产生显著影响，可能是因为共同进化致使本地植物驯化产生低碳利用效率的微生物群落，这一结果突出了土壤生物群在调节PSF中的关键作用。上述研究加深了学术界对植物物种起源与微生物群落交互作用的理解，并强调了微生物管理在促进本地物种繁殖和控制外来物种入侵中的重要性。此外，本研究中系统发育距离的作用较弱与先前研究一致，表明仅凭植物进化关系无法预测植物-土壤反馈关系的方向和强度。

近年来, 植物抗病免疫研究取得了突破性进展, 包括病原识别、免疫信号转导及植物-病原-介体-环境互作等。这些研究不仅增强了我们对植物抗病免疫的理解, 还为分子育种和分子遗传学研究奠定了坚实的基础。近期, 国内多家单位相继在植物免疫机制研究中取得了令人振奋的新突破, 从植物应对病原的识别机制、次级代谢产物参与植物抗病反应过程、 禾本科作物的抗病模块和基于人工智能的抗病小肽设计等不同层面对植物免疫反应的分子机制进行了深入解析。随着CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术和人工智能的快速发展, 这些研究成果将有助于创制具有抗病特性的新种质, 从而加速抗病作物新品种的培育过程, 对于抗病生物育种和国家粮食安全具有重要意义。

Synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) are a promising tool for making full use of the beneficial functions imparted by whole bacterial consortia. However, the complexity of reconstructed SynComs often limits their application in sustainable agriculture. Furthermore, inter-strain interactions are often neglected during SynCom construction. Here, we propose a strategy for constructing a simplified and functional SynCom (sfSynCom) by using elite helper strains that significantly improve the beneficial functions of the core symbiotic strain, here Bradyrhizobium elkanii BXYD3, to sustain the growth of soybean (Glycine max). We first identified helper strains that significantly promote nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean mediated by BXYD3. Two of these helper strains assigned to the Pantoea taxon produce acyl homoserine lactones, which significantly enhanced the colonization and infection of soybean by BXYD3. Finally, we constructed a sfSynCom from these core and helper strains. This sfSynCom based on the core-helper strategy was more effective at promoting nodulation than inoculation with BXYD3 alone and achieved effects comparable to those of a complex elite SynCom previously constructed on the basis of potential beneficial functions between microbes and plants alone. Our results suggest that considering interactions between strains as well as those between strains and the host plant might allow construction of sfSynComs.

叶色突变体是研究光形态发生、叶绿体发育、叶绿素代谢和光合作用机制等多种生理过程的理想材料。该研究从黄瓜(Cucumis sativus) XYYH-2-1-1株系自交后代中获得1个新的黄化致死突变体ycl (yellow cotyledon lethal)。该突变体自幼苗出土后子叶一直呈黄化状态, 约2周后枯萎死亡, 其生长抑制表型为非光依赖型。与野生型相比, ycl突变体的Chl a和Chl b含量趋于零, 叶绿素生物合成途径中Mg²⁺螯合过程受阻。显微和超微结构分析发现, ycl叶片组织紊乱、叶绿体发育受阻。ycl的抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量显著升高, 说明其受到氧化胁迫, 且抗氧化能力强。ycl净光合速率极显著降低, 胞间CO₂浓度上升, 推测ycl光合速率降低源于气孔导度降低、叶绿素含量减少和叶绿体发育受阻。转录组学分析表明, ycl与其野生型间存在337个差异表达基因, 光合作用、类黄酮生物合成、叶绿素代谢和活性氧代谢是导致ycl黄化致死表型形成的关键途径。通过BSA-Seq分析, ycl突变基因初步定位于3号染色体的1.48-1.9 Mb区间, 内含41个候选基因。对ycl突变体的研究为阐明黄瓜叶绿体发育的分子机制提供了参考。

基于树高(H)和胸径(D)的异速生长模型被广泛用于估算森林生物量。尽管环境和林分特征会影响树木异速生长，但鲜有研究将这些影响纳入异速生长模型。为此，本研究以幂函数方程Y = aG^b为基本模型(其中Y表示树高或生物量，G为胸径或D²H)，提出了一种两步逼近法，以量化环境和林分特征对中国杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)和松树(Pinus)异速生长系数a和b的影响。结果表明，杉木的异速生长系数主要与林分特征有关，而松树的异速生长系数则受年平均温度、林龄和纬度的影响。两步逼近的异速生长模型Y = f(α + α_jx_j) G^{f (β+βixi)} (其中x_j或x_i为与环境和林分特征有关的因子，α，α_j，β，β_i 为回归系数)显著提高了树高和生物量的估算精度。与基本模型相比，两步逼近模型显著降低了观测值与计算值间的平均绝对偏差，杉木降低了25%–34%，松树降低了21%–26%。上述结果强调了在异速生长模型中考虑环境条件和林分特征的必要性，并提供了一种通用的，能在大范围基于树高-胸径关系准确估算树木生物量的方法。

丛枝菌根（AM）真菌与菌丝际细菌互作在植物从土壤中活化及吸收磷的过程中发挥着关键作用。该文系统阐述了AM真菌-细菌互作对土壤磷循环的影响及其调控机制。AM真菌菌丝分泌物中的糖类、羧酸盐和氨基酸等物质为细菌提供碳源并特异性招募解磷细菌，菌丝还能作为“移动桥梁”促进细菌迁移。在群落水平上，AM真菌能够调控菌丝际细菌的结构和功能，富集含有磷酸酶基因（如phoD）的功能细菌，提高磷酸酶活性，促进有机磷矿化。基于上述机制，通过调控土壤碳磷摩尔比、添加菌丝分泌物成分等策略可以发挥AM真菌-细菌互作的生物学潜力，提高土壤磷利用效率。

深色有隔内生菌（dark septate endophytes，DSEs）是植物根系真菌组（mycobiome）的重要成员，通常在皮层细胞形成微菌核结构，在促进植物生长、养分吸收及提高胁迫适应性方面发挥着与菌根真菌同等重要的作用，甚至在某些极端环境下其丰度比菌根真菌更高。该文概述了DSEs的物种多样性、基础生物学特性和生理生态功能。在此基础上，重点评述了近年来在共生机理、DSEs基因组结构和种群适应性演化特征等方面的研究进展，旨在为后期深入揭示DSEs新的适应机制、协同植物抗逆机制及开发新型高效DSEs菌剂应用于土壤生态修复和抗逆农林业良种高效培育等提供参考。

丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）是土壤生态系统中关键的微生物群落之一，研究其繁殖技术及应用对于提升农业生产效率与实现农业可持续性具有深远意义。该文综述了AMF的共生机制及其在扩繁体系和菌剂应用方面的最新研究进展。探讨了AMF与植物根系建立共生关系的分子机制；分析了AMF扩繁体系的优化策略，包括无菌培养技术、基质选择和环境控制等关键因素；讨论了AMF菌剂在实际生产中的应用潜力，包括提高作物产量、增强植物抗逆性和改善土壤结构等，并阐述了当前AMF应用领域存在的实际问题与今后的研究方向。该项研究旨在为进一步理解丛枝菌根真菌的重要性提供参考，并为未来新型微生物菌剂的开发及其在农业生态系统中的应用奠定基础。

核桃（Juglans）作为世界重要的经济林木，其生长发育与丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi，AMF）之间密切关联。核桃根际AMF资源丰富，涵盖了10个属多个种，其多样性受种植模式（如套种）、土壤养分等影响，但深根性特征使核桃成为周围植被AMF繁殖体的储存库，并通过普通菌根网络实现了养分（如磷和碳）的有效再分配。该研究明确了AMF在促进核桃生长、提高成活率、促进养分（特别是磷）吸收，以及增强抗旱性方面的作用机制，并探究了AMF在提高和转移胡桃醌上的潜力。最后，对核桃菌根研究的未来发展方向进行了展望。

Over the past two decades, our understanding of Lauraceae, a large family of woody plants, has undergone significant advances in phylogeny, taxonomy, and biogeography. Molecular systematic studies have elucidated the basic relationships within the family with plastid phylogenomic analyses providing robust support for deep-level relationships between Lauraceae lineages, leading to the recognition of nine tribes: Hypodaphnideae, Cryptocaryeae, Cassytheae, Neocinnamomeae, Caryodaphnopsideae, Mezilaureae, Perseeae, Laureae, and Cinnamomeae, with Mezilaureae validated here. Nuclear genomes and comparative genomics studies have also clarified aspects of the family’s evolutionary history and metabolic diversity. Taxonomic studies have focused mainly on the most diverse regions, e.g., tropical Asia, tropical America, and Africa (Madagascar), with six new genera described and five reinstated since the last major overview of the family. The extensive fossil record suggests that Lauraceae diversified globally during the Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic. Biogeographic studies indicate that different lineages of the family are sorted into Gondwanan and Laurasian lineages, with patterns resulting from the disruption of boreotropical flora and multiple long-distance dispersal events. Phylogeographic studies, predominantly from East Asia, have shown patterns of in situ survival and demographic stability or expansion during the Quaternary. Nevertheless, many systematic relationships within the family remain unresolved and further research is needed into the complex biogeographic history and ecological roles of Lauraceae. A multifaceted approach integrating genomic studies, field work, morphological and ecological investigations is therefore needed to understand the evolution and diversity of this ecologically and economically significant plant family.

Intraspecific genetic variance and gene flow can support the adaptive evolution of species challenged by climate shifts or novel environmental conditions. Less well understood is how genome organization and gene flow interact in closely related species during evolutionary divergence and differentiation. Here we conducted genomic footprint analyses to determine how three species of Pterocarya (P. stenoptera, P. hupehensis, and P. macroptera), which are sympatric but occupy different elevational niches, adapted to the heterogeneous environment of the Qinling-Daba Mountains, China. We identified candidate genes for environmental adaptation (i.e., PIEZO1, WRKY39, VDAC3, CBL1, and RAF), and also identified regions of gene introgression between P. hupehensis and P. macroptera that show lower genetic load and higher genetic diversity than the rest of their genomes. The same introgressed regions are notably situated in areas of minimal genetic divergence yet they are characterized by elevated recombination rates. We also identified candidate genes within these introgressed regions related to environmental adaptation (TPLC2, CYCH;1, LUH, bHLH112, GLX1, TLP-3, and ABC1). Our findings have thus clarified the important role of gene flow in ecological adaptation and revealed genomic signatures of past introgression. Together, these findings provide a stronger theoretical basis for understanding the ecological adaptation and conservation of Quaternary relict woody plants in East Asia.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays critical roles in modulating plant growth and stress response and its homeostasis is fine tuned using multiple peroxidases. H₂O₂, a major kind of ROS, is removed rapidly and directly using three catalases, CAT1, CAT2, and CAT3, in Arabidopsis. Although the activity regulations of catalases have been well studied, their degradation pathway is less clear. Here, we report that CAT2 and CAT3 protein abundance was partially controlled using the 26S proteasome. To further identify candidate proteins that modulate the stability of CAT2, we performed yeast-two-hybrid screening and recovered several clones encoding a protein with RING and vWA domains, CIRP1 (CAT2 Interacting RING Protein 1). Drought and oxidative stress downregulated CIRP1 transcripts. CIRP1 harbored E3 ubiquitination activity and accelerated the degradation of CAT2 and CAT3 by direct interaction and ubiquitination. The cirp1 mutants exhibited stronger drought and oxidative stress tolerance, which was opposite to the cat2 and cat3 mutants. Genetic analysis revealed that CIRP1 acts upstream of CAT2 and CAT3 to negatively regulate drought and oxidative stress tolerance. The increased drought and oxidative stress tolerance of the cirp1 mutants was due to enhanced catalase (CAT) activities and alleviated ROS levels. Our data revealed that the CIRP1–CAT2/CAT3 module plays a vital role in alleviating ROS levels and balancing growth and stress responses in Arabidopsis.

三维重建技术(3D reconstruction)是利用计算机图形学和图像处理技术, 从二维图像数据中提取目标物体的几何和拓扑信息, 构建计算机可处理的三维数学模型, 从而实现物体的虚拟重建。在植物学研究中, 三维模型的构建已成为研究植物生长发育、形态结构和功能机制的有效手段, 为多尺度成像、测量和分析提供了有力支撑, 并在农业和林业领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。近年来, 随着植物三维重建技术的不断完善, 其在植物学研究中衍生出不同的应用方向, 涵盖植物形态结构建模、生长发育动态监测以及植物育种等多方面。该文综述了三维重建技术的发展历程及常见的三维重建成像技术在植物不同尺度(从器官、组织到细胞)研究中的应用, 重点阐述这些技术的基本原理及应用, 旨在为植物多模态跨尺度成像以及表型与功能研究提供理论和技术支撑, 为揭示植物生长发育规律及响应环境变化的机制提供新途径。

香气是吸引消费者购买果实的重要因素之一，光对果实香气的形成具有重要作用。该文综述了光对果实香气品质的影响，具体分析了光质、光强、光周期对果实香气品质的调控机制，以及光与其他因素（温度、水分、CO₂浓度和植物激素）相互作用对果实香气品质形成的影响。最后，提出光对果实香气品质影响的研究展望，以期为果实香气品质的研究和改良提供参考。