Light Requirements for Germination of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv. Seeds and Transcriptome Response Analysis

doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.007

Abstract

Abstract:

This study aimed to investigate the light duration required for seed germination of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv.， an endangered species endemic to China， and to explore the correlation between morphological traits and germination rate of seeds under different light durations. Using E. henryi seeds as material， this study compared the differences in germination rates under light treatments of 0， 1， 2（8 h/1st day+4 h/2nd day）， 2， 4， 6， 8 d. The correlation between seed morphology and germination time was also analyzed. In addition， transcriptome sequencing and analysis using high-throughput technology were perfomed on E. henryi seeds subjected to dark treatment （2 d） and basic light exposure （the shortest light duration required for a germination rate of ≥50%， 2 d）. Results showed that， under light treatment conditions， the germination rates increased with extension of light duration. For the seeds subjected to the 8 d light treatment， the germination rate reached 98.89% after 10 d of cultivation. The analysis of correlation between seed morphological characteristics and germination time showed that the length of seed kernel and length-to-width ratio of seed kernel were significantly negatively correlated with germination time（P<0.05）. Transcriptomic responses of the seeds following dark treatment（2 d） and basic light treatments（2 d） indicated 4 657 differentially expressed genes（DEGs）， including 2 950 upregulated and 1 707 downregulated genes. Among the 185 transcription factors identified， all members of the HSF family were downregulated in the light treatment group. GO terms related to protein metabolism were significantly enriched. DEGs were significantly enriched in KEGG pathways（P-adjust<0.05） related to embryo development and seedling stress resistance， including diterpenoid biosynthesis （ko00904）， cysteine and methionine metabolism（ko00270）， and plant-pathogen interaction（ko04626）. In summary， E. henryi seeds with larger kernels germinated earlier， and light supplied for two days was sufficient to meet the basic germination requirements of the seeds. This study provided a theoretical basis for elucidating the mechanisms underlying the abnormal population structure of wild E. henryi populations and for promoting its population restoration in natural conditions.

Key words: Emmenopterys henryi, seed, light, germination, transcriptome

CLC Number:

Q786

Xinyu CHENG, Mengqiao GUO, Haiyun GUAN, Jian RU, Yan BAI, Lianjin GUO. Light Requirements for Germination of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv. Seeds and Transcriptome Response Analysis[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2025, 45(4): 546-557.

Figures/Tables 11

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基因ID Gene ID	GO ID	正向引物序列（5′→3′） Forward primer sequence（5′→3′）	反向引物序列（3′→5′） Reverse primer sequence（3′→5′）
GAPDH		CTTCTGGTGTCTTCACAACGG	TGCTGATTGACGGAACGAGG
XP_027110626.1	GO：0009793	GCAACTCCACCACAACAAACA	TAGAACGGGGACAAGCACA
XP_027084411.1	GO：0000981	AGCTTCCTTCCAAGCCTCTT	CCTGAACTGGCTCTAAGACGA
XP_027113076.1	GO：0006412	AGGTGAATGGTGGGTCTGTTG	GAAGGGGCGTTTTGGGTA
KAA8515047.1	GO：0005840	AGGCTGTTGTTATCCATGTGC	CGCTGGGCTTCCTATGACT
XP_027149223.1	GO：0016021	AACCTCGCACAGTTCCTCG	CACCCCTCCTCTAATGATGTCC
XP_027158305.1	GO：0005634	GAGGATGACGGCGGTGAC	TCGTGTTGTGAGATTTAGGCTT
CDP15123.1	GO：0005618	GAAAGGGAGGCAGGGAACA	TTAGTGAACCGCAAGGTATGG
XP_027077828.1	GO：0016787	CGATAGTGGAGGACCCTGATC	CCTTACCTGTATTTTCCCGG

处理组 Treatment group	萌发率 Germination rate
处理组 Treatment group	4 d	5 d	6 d	7 d	8 d	9 d	10 d
0 DY	0^b	0^d	0^e	0^f	0^e	0^e	0^e
1 DY	0^b	0^d	0^e	0^f	1.11±1.92^e	1.11±1.92^e	1.11±1.92^e
2 DY*	0^b	3.33±0.00^c	12.22±1.92^d	13.33±0.00^e	13.33±0.00^d	22.22±1.92^d	22.22±1.92^d
2 DY	5.56±1.92^a	23.33±0.00^b	38.89±7.70^c	53.33±10.00^d	58.89±13.47^c	64.44±10.18^c	70.00±8.82^c
4 DY	5.56±3.85^a	27.78±5.09^b	56.67±12.02^b	72.22±5.09^c	85.56±6.94^b	85.56±6.94^b	87.78±6.94^b
6 DY	7.78±3.85^a	27.78±8.39^b	63.33±3.33^ab	82.22±8.39^b	83.33±6.67^b	90.00±6.67^ab	90.00±6.67^ab
8 DY	10.00±5.77^a	41.11±13.47^a	70.00±3.33^a	95.56±3.85^a	98.89±1.92^a	98.89±1.92^a	98.89±1.92^a

种子萌发参数 Seed germination parameter	光照处理时间 Light treatment time/d	种子外形性状Seed shape traits
种子萌发参数 Seed germination parameter	光照处理时间 Light treatment time/d	种子面积 SA	种子长 SL	种子宽 SW	种子长宽比 SL/SW	种仁面积 SKA	种仁长 SKL	种仁宽 SKW	种仁长宽比 SKL/SKW
萌发时间 Germination time	2	-0.045	-0.005	-0.023	-0.006	-0.126	-0.213	0.009	-0.322^*
	4	0.166	0.139	0.071	0.061	-0.238	-0.394^*	-0.099	-0.236
	6	0.278	0.254	0.264	0.056	-0.312	-0.381^*	-0.096	-0.335^*

转录因子家族 Transcription factor family	差异表达基因数量 DEGs number	上调基因 Up-regulated genes	下调基因 Down-regulated genes
AP2/ERF	35	27	8
NAC	19	13	6
MYB_superfamily	17	13	4
bHLH	16	13	3
C2C2	15	15	0
WRKY	15	14	1
GRAS	14	14	0
LBD （AS2/LOB）	10	8	2
HSF	7	0	7
LOB	7	6	1
bZIP	6	4	2
C3H	5	3	2
C2H2	4	3	1
ZF-HD	4	4	0
B3_superfamily	2	1	1
BES1	2	2	0
GRF	2	1	1
SBP	2	2	0
MADS	2	1	1
GeBP	1	1	0

KEGG通路 KEGG pathway	通路ID Pathway ID	差异表达基因数量 DEGs number
核糖体 Ribosome	ko03010	151
内质网蛋白质加工 Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum	ko04141	89
辅酶因子的生物合成 Biosynthesis of cofactors	ko01240	60
糖酵解/糖异生 Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis	ko00010	44
苯丙素类生物合成 Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis	ko00940	37
半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢 Cysteine and methionine metabolism	ko00270	35
氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢 Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism	ko00520	33
脂肪酸氧化 Fatty acid degradation	ko00071	27
乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢 Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism	ko00630	27
光合生物碳固定 Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms	ko00710	25
α-亚油酸代谢 Alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism	ko00592	22
精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢 Arginine and proline metabolism	ko00330	22
抗坏血酸和醛酸代谢 Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism	ko00053	17
戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸的相互转化 Pentose and glucuronate interconversions	ko00040	16
萜类骨架生物合成 Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis	ko00900	15
硒化合物代谢 Selenocompound metabolism	ko00450	10
类黄酮生物合成 Flavonoid biosynthesis	ko00941	10
不饱和脂肪酸的生物合成 Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids	ko01040	10
二萜生物合成 Diterpenoid biosynthesis	ko00904	9
二苯乙烯、二芳基庚烷和姜辣素生物合成 Stilbenoid， diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis	ko00945	7
维生素B6代谢 Vitamin B6 metabolism	ko00750	6
植物激素信号转导 Plant hormone signal transduction	ko04075	65
MAPK信号通路-植物 MAPK signaling pathway - plant	ko04016	49
植物-病原菌互作 Plant-pathogen interaction	ko04626	55
昼夜节律-植物 Circadian rhythm - plant	ko04712	19