Pathogen infection is a serious threat to plant growth and development, causing severe crop yield reduction. The plant immune system, which is mainly composed of PTI (pattern-triggered immunity) and ETI (effector-triggered immunity), plays an essential role in resistance against pathogen infection. A large amount of research focused on resolving the key immune receptors/co-receptors, the components and regulation mechanisms of the PTI and ETI signaling pathways, and the biosynthesis and signaling pathways of the plant immune hormones salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. The major events during plant immune responses include pathogen recognition, the outburst of reactive oxygen species, Ca²⁺ influx, MAPK cascade signaling, and the induced expression of downstream defense genes. Recent studies have revealed that the expression of plant immune-related genes is not only regulated at the transcriptional level. The stability, translation efficiency, and translation products of their mRNAs are affected by a variety of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, including alternative splicing, m⁶A modification, small RNAs, uORFs, and R-motifs. Here, we summarized the present understanding of the plant immune system and mainly introduced the latest studies of the post-transcriptional regulation of plant immunity. This review also covered some findings that showed how pathogen interferes with the host post-transcriptional regulatory machinery. Some post-transcriptional regulatory elements have been successfully applied in crops. This application provides new molecular tools for improving diseases resistance and contribution to food security, as well as useful components for molecular breeding.

INTRODUCTION Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is one of the foremost vegetable crops globally. Photosynthesis intricately influences the fruit yield of cucumber, and leaf color determines the photosynthetic efficiency to a large extent. Therefore, Leaf color mutants serve as ideal materials for scrutinizing diverse physiological processes, including photomorphogenesis, chloroplast development, chlorophyll metabolism, and photosynthetic mechanisms. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying the yellowing lethal phenotype remain unclear.

RATIONALE In this study, a stable cucumber yellowing lethal mutant, ycl(yellow cotyledon lethal), was isolated from the near-isogenic line XYYH-2-1-1. The phenotype, leaf microstructure and chloroplast ultrastructure, as well as physiological and biochemical analyses, were conducted on the mutant ycl and the wild-type XYYH-3-1 to explore the physiological mechanisms underlying the yellowing lethal phenotype. Preliminary localisation of yellowing lethal mutation genes was performed by whole genome resequencing using BSA. The integration of transcriptome sequencing allowed us to analyze the expression of genes related to yellowing death and the main pathways. This approach laid a solid foundation for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms responsible for the lethal phenotype associated with yclyellowing.

RESULTS The ycl mutant exhibited yellow cotyledons, which ultimately withered and perished within approximately two weeks. Notably, its growth-inhibiting phenotype appeared to be light-independent. Compared to the wild type, ycl accumulated extremely low Chl a and Chl b contents, which was consistent with the blockade in the magnesium ion chelation process within the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. Microscopic and ultrastructural analyses revealed disordered ycl leaf structure and inhibited chloroplast development. Additionally, the ycl mutant displayed significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde contents, suggesting elevated oxidative stress levels and robust antioxidant capacities. The substantial decrease in net photosynthetic rate and rise in intercellular CO₂ concentration in ycl were hypothesized to stem from reduced stomatal conductance, diminished chlorophyll content, and impaired chloroplast development in the mutant. Transcriptomic analyses suggested that key pathways including photosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, chlorophyll metabolism, and reactive oxygen species metabolism were affected in ycl. The ycl mutant gene was preliminarily mapped to a region between 1.48 to 1.9 Mb on chromosome 3 through BSA-seq analysis, encompassing 41 candidate genes.

CONCLUSION The study investigated the physiological mechanisms underlying the yellowing lethal phenotype of the yclmutant, preliminarily mapped the mutant gene to chromosome 3, and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and key pathways associated with the lethal phenotype. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of chloroplast development in cucumber.

Phenotypic changes of WT and the ycl mutant at the cotyledon stage under natural light conditions, and preliminary mapping of the mutant gene.

Maize (Zea mays) is a staple crop worldwide, serving as a major source for food, feedstock, and industrial materials. Flowering time, a key agronomic trait determining diverse environmental adaptation and yield potential of crops, is determined by two developmental transitions (namely vegetative phase change and floral transition), and complicatedly regulated by internal factors (such as genetic factors and plant hormones) and external environmental factors. Given the importance of flowering time, in this review, we summarize the research progresses on the regulation of the two-phase transitions in maize, mainly focusing on the aspects of structural basis, physiological basis, genetic basis and molecular mechanisms. We also highlight the contribution of key flowering regulators to geographical adaptation of maize, and discuss future research directions on flowering and application in breeding, aiming to deepen our understanding of the genetic regulation of maize flowering and provide a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of maize cultivars adapting to diverse environmental conditions.

INTRODUCTION Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a significant warm-season and water-dependent vegetable crop, is extensively cultivated worldwide. Whether grown in open fields or protected environments, tomatoes frequently encounter various environmental stresses, including drought and low temperatures, which significantly impact their yield and quality. Transcription factors play a pivotal role in plant stress responses by modulating the expression of specific target genes, thereby transmitting perceived stress signals downstream. WRKY transcription factors in tomatoes are known to regulate responses to multiple abiotic stresses. However, the specific role of the tomato SlWRKY45 in abiotic stress responses remains unclear.

RATIONALE Studies have demonstrated that WRKY transcription factors play a crucial regulatory role in plant responses to abiotic stress. As an important economic vegetable crop, tomato is susceptible to various environmental stresses during its growth and development. By genetically overexpressing SlWRKY45 in tomato and investigating its function under low-temperature and drought stress conditions, the findings can provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the complex regulatory mechanisms of WRKY transcription factors. Additionally, this research offers valuable candidate genes for breeding stress-resistant tomato varieties.

RESULTS Expression analysis revealed that low-temperature, drought, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments significantly induced the expression of SlWRKY45. Overexpression of SlWRKY45 enhanced the resistance of tomato plants to drought and low-temperature stresses. Under drought and low-temperature conditions, the photosynthetic indices, antioxidant enzyme activities, and proline (Pro) contents in SlWRKY45 overexpression lines were significantly higher than those in wild-type (WT) plants. Conversely, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in SlWRKY45-OE plants was significantly lower than in WT plants under the same stress conditions. Transcriptome data analysis indicated that SlWRKY45 regulates tomato's response to low-temperature stress primarily by influencing antioxidant enzyme activities and stress response pathways. Dual-luciferase assays demonstrated that SlWRKY45 could directly activate the expression of SlPOD1. Furthermore, the interaction between SlWRKY45 and SlWRKY46 was confirmed through yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays.

CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that SlWRKY45 positively regulates drought resistance and low-temperature tolerance in tomato. Additionally, SlWRKY45 can interact with SlWRKY46 and directly activate the expression of SlPOD1. These results offer valuable insights for further research into the regulatory mechanisms underlying abiotic stress responses and provide potential gene resources for genetic improvement through molecular breeding.

Phenotypes of SlWRKY45-overexpressing and wild-type plants under drought and low-temperature treatments

Clarifying the diversity and distribution of wild vascular plants in Shanxi Province is crucial for effective plant diversity conservation efforts in the region. Flora of Shanxi, the most authoritative record of plant cataloging and distribution in Shanxi, has been available for over 20 years. During this period, the plant classification system has evolved significantly, and many new plant records have emerged in Shanxi Province. However, a comprehensive, accurate, and scientific catalog of wild vascular plants remains unavailable. Based on volumes 1-5 of the Flora of Shanxi, this study comprehensively collected relevant literature on vascular plant research in Shanxi since 1980. Using extensive field investigations and related research data collected by the authors in Shanxi Province, the wild plant list was reviewed and refined, including revisions to plant names, protection status, and distribution down to the county level. This dataset presents the latest catalog of wild vascular plants in Shanxi, divided into confirmed and doubtful species lists. As of June 26, 2024, this dataset included 2,438 species, 73 subspecies, 229 varieties, and 4 forms across 147 families and 763 genera. The dataset included lycophytes and ferns (117 species, 4 varieties in 15 families and 34 genera), gymnosperms (13 species, 4 varieties in 4 families and 8 genera), and angiosperms (2,308 species, 73 subspecies, 221 varieties, and 4 forms in 128 families and 721 genera). Additionally, 36 species, 4 varieties in 19 families and 27 genera were listed in List of Key Protected Wild Plants in China (2021), and 119 species, 1 subspecies, and 2 varieties in 47 families and 80 genera were listed in List of Key Protected Wild Plants in Shanxi Province (Jin Zheng Han [2023] No. 126). Further work should prioritize species with limited distribution data and species of concern to further enhance catalog plan in Shanxi Province. This research can provide fundamental data for updating the Flora of Shanxi and advancing plant diversity conservation strategies within Shanxi Province.

Database/Dataset Profile

Title	A dataset on inventory and geographical distributions of vascular plants in Shanxi, China
Data author(s)	Shuai Li, Weihua Liu, Yudan Xu, Xiaobo Tian, Houjuan Song, Xiaoting Yue, Lingling Wu, Qing Zhang, Tieliang Shanguan
Data corresponding author	Tieliang Shanguan (sgtl_55@163.com)
Time range	1980-2024
Geographical scope	Shanxi
File size	571 KB
Data volume	3,078 records
Data format	*.xlsx
Data link	https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.27756 https://www.biodiversity-science.net/fileup/1005-0094/DATA/2024317.zip
Database/Dataset composition	The dataset includes 2 data tables (confirmed and questionable species), containing a total of 3,078 records (2,744 confirmed and 334 questionable) across 22 fields. The 22 fields are as follow: sequence number, main categories of vascular plants, family number, Chinese family name, family, genus number, Chinese genus name, genus, species number, Chinese name, scientific name, author, scientific name in data sources, rank, reference for taxonomic treatment, status, data source, distribution, rank in List of Key Protected Wild Plants in China (2021), whether it is affiliated with List of Key Protected Wild Plants in Shanxi Province, specimen voucher museum collection barcode/journal source, specimen collector/collection number.

3D reconstruction technology involves using computer graphics and image processing technologies to extract the geometric and topological information of the target object from the two-dimensional image data. This information is then used to create a three-dimensional mathematical model that can be processed by a computer, enabling the virtual reconstruction of the target object. In plant science research, the construction of three-dimensional models has become an effective way to study plant growth and development, morphological structure and functional mechanism. These models provide robust support for multi-scale imaging, measurement and analysis, demonstrating significant application potential in the field of agriculture and forestry. In recent years, advancements in plant 3D reconstruction technology have led to diverse applications in botanical research, covering plant morphological structure modeling, growth and development dynamic monitoring, and plant breeding. In this paper, we summarize the development process of 3D reconstruction technology and its application in plant studies across different scales (from organs and tissues to cells). We focus on the basic principles and applications of these technologies, aiming to provide theoretical and technical support for multimodal cross-scale imaging and plant phenotypic and functional research. Additionally, this work offers a novel approach to understand the principles of plant growth and development and the mechanisms underlying their responses to environmental changes.

Functional gene expression is a basic life process that connects the coding information of a gene to protein products. The level of gene expression is considered as a quantitative trait between genotype and phenotype and plays an important role in response to climatic and environmental changes. First, we systematically summarize regulatory elements of gene expression in plant species and empirical evidence, including the effects of transcription factors and small RNAs on gene expression regulation. Second, this review discusses the eQTL mapping for regulatory elements of gene expression through gene expression-based genome-wide association study (GWAS) and the limitations of this method. This review analyzes the intraspecific variation in gene expression in theory under the processes of mutation, drift and selection and the testing methods. This review also analyzes the interspecific evolution of gene expression under the mutation and drift processes or under the phylogeny-based drift-selection processes and the testing methods. Finally, this review discusses the regulation of gene expression by the plant mating system. Selfing reduces the effective population size, mutation rate, recombination rate and competition from exogenous pollen, and changes the efficacy of natural selection in the gametophytic and sporophytic phases. Selfing regulates intraspecific gene expression variation and interspecific gene expression evolution. This review comprehensively comments on theoretical and practical research progress and existing questions, which aids in our deep understanding of plant gene expression regulation and evolution mechanisms.

In recent years, we have witnessed transformative breakthroughs in plant disease resistance research, particularly in deciphering the intricate interplay between hosts and pathogens. Cutting-edge discoveries span pathogen recognition mechanisms, immune signaling cascades, and multi-layered interactions integrating plants, pathogens, vectors, and environmental variables. Notably, pioneering studies from domestic research institutions have driven progress across pathogen-sensing systems, secondary metabolite-mediated defense, immune module engineering in crops, and artificial intelligence (AI)-powered solutions for pathogen-resistant peptide design. The rapid development of CRISPR/ Cas9-based gene editing and AI technologies has further empowered researchers to engineer disease-resistant crop varieties with unprecedented precision. Such progress holds profound implications for ensuring national food security and advancing strategic priorities in disease-resistant crop breeding, marking a transformative era in agricultural biotechnology and sustainable agriculture.

Background & Aims: With the development and advancement of artificial intelligence technology, large language models (LLMs), such as Kimi Chat, have begun to play a significant role in biodiversity research. LLMs’s deep learning and natural language processing technologies, augmented by human feedback reinforced learning (RLHF) and proximal policy optimization (PPO), offer new avenues for handling and analyzing large biodiversity data sets.
Progresses: We explore the application of LLMs, taking Kimi Chat as an example, in investigating biodiversity research questions, reviewing literature, designing hypotheses, organizing and analyzing data, and writing research papers, as well as its potential to enhance research efficiency and quality. (1) LLMs can quickly process vast amounts of scientific literature, helping researchers distill key information and swiftly catch up with the latest research trends in specific fields. (2) LLMs can also assist researchers in formulating research hypotheses and designing experimental protocols, thereby providing abundant scientific inspiration, broadening research perspectives, and enhancing the efficiency of the initial stages of research. (3) In terms of research design, LLMs can offer advice on data collection methods, design of experiment, and statistical analyses to ensure the scientific validity and the logic of the research design. (4) LLMs can assist in scientific writing and peer review processes by helping draft scientific papers and providing suggestions for revision and polishing to enhance the quality and readability of the papers, and it also supports researchers in understanding and responding to peer review comments and optimizing the presentation of research findings. We also discuss the challenges and limitations encountered during using LLMs, such as the need for professional judgment, the homogenization of research methods, the accuracy of data and results, and ethical issues. Additionally, we propose strategies for integrating this technology with traditional biodiversity research methods in the future.
Prospects: We demonstrates how LLMs can aid in biodiversity research, thus advancing scientific discovery and ecological conservation strategies.

INTRODUCTION: The shoot apices and axillary buds determine crop growth and yield potential, with their developmental states directly shaping shoot architecture. However, there are currently few cDNA libraries constructed for shoot apices and/or axillary buds in soybean ( Glycine max). RATIONALE: By constructing cDNA libraries for shoot apices and axillary buds, we can gain an in-depth understanding of the core mechanisms underlying plant architecture in soybean at the molecular level, thereby providing theoretical foundations and genetic resources for the design of high-yielding and well-adapted soybean varieties. RESULTS: This study constructed a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) nuclear system cDNA library using shoot apices and axillary buds from the cultivar Williams 82 grown under long-day and short-day conditions at different developmental stages. Equal amounts of RNA extracted from these tissues were pooled and subjected to cDNA library construction using the Gateway method, followed by transcript diversity analysis. The resultant library had a capacity of 1.2×10⁷ CFU, with 100% recombination rate and an average length exceeding 1 000 bp of the inserted fragments, covering 29 170 genes. This cDNA library meets the library construction standards and is suitable for subsequent Y2H screening. Using the key floral transition and shoot architecture regulator SOC1a as a bait, we first tested the toxicity and self-activation of the recombinant pGBKT7-SOC1a and then performed library screening. A total of 32 positive clones were obtained, and after DNA sequencing, BLAST alignment, and functional annotation, 14 candidate interacting proteins were identified. Among them, five encoded genes were cloned into pGADT7 vector and subjected to pairwise retransformation assays with pGBKT7-SOC1a, confirming physical interactions between two of these proteins and SOC1a. Furthermore, the interaction between SOC1a and one of the candidate proteins, SEP2, was demonstrated through co-immunoprecipitation and luciferase complementation imaging assays. CONCLUSION: This study establishes a high-quality Y2H cDNA library for soybean meristematic tissues and identifies novel SOC1a-interacting proteins, providing critical molecular insights into SOC1a-mediated regulation of soybean shoot architecture development.

Background & Aims: Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), widely present in the insect epicuticle, provide significant contributions to many terrestrial insect adaptations. Insect CHCs function primarily in waterproofing, resisting harmful substances, and facilitating chemical communication. Compared to the compositional and functional diversity of CHCs in solitary or subsocial insects, the diversity of social insects offers a valuable source of insights into their unique genetic structure, population composition, and characteristic behavioral patterns.

Progresses: This review characterizes the structures and properties of CHCs that enable particular functions, summarizes their functional diversity, and discusses the influence of both endogenous factors and external elements on the profile variability of CHCs in social insects. Furthermore, potential future research directions are proposed. The CHCs in social insects are regulated through nestmate recognition, caste differentiation, division of labor, social immunity, reproductive state recognition, and inter-specific interactions. Remarkably, some CHCs have been designated for queen pheromones. The CHC profiles of social insects can exhibit remarkable variability to meet the demands of functional differentiation. The synthesis, composition, and content of CHCs in social insects can be influenced by a wide range of internal factors (including gene and hormone levels) as well as extrinsic factors (including diet, gut microbiome, pathogenic organisms, temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, nest materials, etc.).

Prospects: Emerging technologies, such as the quantitative genetic framework, immunohistochemical localization, and fluorescent in situ hybridization, will enable new insights to be obtained into the synthesis, translocation, release, functional diversity, and regulation of CHCs, enhancing our understanding of their role in insect adaptive evolution. The research discussed in this review can provide a theoretical basis for the development of novel technologies to control invasive agroforestry pests.

INTRODUCTION: Genetic transformation, combined with genome editing strategies, has provided essential insights into plant biology and revolutionized crop improvement. MicroTom ( Solanum lycopersicum ‘MicroTom’) is widely used for functional characterization due to its short life cycle and clear genetic background. However, traditional tissue culture-dependent genetic transformation systems for MicroTom are constrained by low efficiency, long durations, and highly trained individuals. Therefore, developing a rapid and efficient tissue culture-independent genetic transformation system is necessary. RATIONALE: Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most widely used method for gene transfer in plants. During this process, wounded plant cells secrete phenolic compounds that induce Agrobacterium cells to transfer and integrate foreign DNA into plant chromosomes. In this study, we established a novel transformation protocol using two-week-old MicroTom seedlings as recipients. After removing the apical cotyledons and true leaves, the wounded hypocotyls were directly inoculated with an A. tumefaciens suspension. Based on the somatic cell reprogramming mechanism triggered by wounding signaling, the wound hypocotyls formed calli and regenerated adventitious shoots, accompanied by the integration of foreign DNA. RESULTS: Two-week-old seedlings with hypocotyl diameters exceeding 1.5 mm were optimal for Agrobacterium infection. After a 2-day preculture in darkness, the hypocotyls were infected with A. tumefaciens suspension (OD ₆₀₀=0.6) for 10 min and then cocultured in darkness at 90% relative humidity for 3 d. Callus differentiation was observed at the hypocotyl ends at 10 days post-inoculation (dpi), and adventitious shoots regenerated at 20 dpi. Mature T ₀-generation seeds could be harvested within 4–5 months post-inoculation. Approximately 87.6% of the wounded hypocotyls regenerated adventitious shoots at 20 dpi, and PCR analysis confirmed that 28.6% of the regenerated shoots contained the foreign gene. Through antibiotic screening combined with an EGFP reporter system, the stable expression rate of the foreign gene in T ₁-generation lines reached 73.5%. CONCLUSION: Compared to conventional tissue culture-dependent systems, the established in planta transformation in this study offers improved transformation efficiency, a shorter transformation cycle, and simplified nonsterile operational procedures. This system provides a robust platform for functional genomics studies and significantly lowers technical barriers in tomato molecular breeding.

Rice bacterial leaf streak (BLS), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), is a significant quarantine disease. The pathogen exhibits both high genetic diversity and strong transmission capabilities. Driven by agricultural intensification and global warming, BLS has been progressively expanding across major indica rice-producing regions in southern China. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in Xoc-rice interaction mechanisms: (1) Pathogen perspective: elucidating pathogenic mechanisms of virulence factors (including T2SS, T3SS, and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS)) and pathovar differentiation patterns; (2) Host perspective: clarifying advances in PTI/ETI-mediated immunity signaling pathways, resistance (R) gene cloning, and susceptibility (S) gene editing; and (3) Future directions: proposing multi-omics approaches to decode Xoc pathogenicity networks, leveraging pan-genomics for large-scale mining of durable and broad-spectrum R genes, and constructing synergistic systems integrating S gene editing with immune activation to establish systematic solutions for sustainable BLS management.

INTRODUCTION: Verticillium wilt (VW), caused by Verticillium dahliae, severely reduces cotton yield and fiber quality. Previous transcriptomic analysis in V. dahliae-inoculated Arabidopsis thaliana identified the pathogen-induced DIR1-like gene AT3G53980.2. In cotton, we discovered a homologous gene, GhDIR1 (Gh_A09G180700.1), encoding a lipid transfer protein. This study investigates its role in cotton resistance to V. dahliae.

RATIONALE: We characterized GhDIR1’s molecular features, expression patterns under pathogen stress, and functional impact using bioinformatics, subcellular localization, qRT-PCR, and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) analyses. Transcriptomic analysis of wild-type and GhDIR1-silenced plants were conducted to unravel downstream regulatory networks, focusing on metabolic pathways linked to plant immunity.

RESULTS: The results showed that GhDIR1 contains a 351 bp ORF encoding 116 amino acids. Subcellular localization confirmed its presence on the cell membrane. qRT-PCR showed rapid induction of GhDIR1 by V. dahliae. Silencing GhDIR1 increased cotton susceptibility to the pathogen. Transcriptomic data revealed that differentially expressed genes in silenced plants were enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis, sesquiterpene/triterpene biosynthesis, and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Key genes (GhCHS, GhDFR, GhCAD, GhSEQ, GhLOX, and GhAOC) in these pathways were downregulated, suggesting impaired synthesis of protective metabolites.

CONCLUSION: It is speculated that GhDIR1 positively regulates cotton resistance to VW by modulating flavonoid and terpenoid biosynthesis and jasmonic acid-related signaling. Its silencing disrupts critical defense pathways, highlighting its role in coordinating immune responses. These findings propose GhDIR1 as a potential target for enhancing disease resistance in cotton.

The induced expression pattern of GhDIR1 and related genes after inoculation with Verticillium dahliae.

INTRODUCTION: Lycium barbarum is an important economic forest tree species, and its cutting propagation efficiency is closely related to the formation of adventitious roots. However, the molecular mechanism of adventitious root formation is not clear, which restricts the large-scale breeding and efficient utilization of Lycium barbarum. RATIONALE: In order to explore the transcriptome differences in adventitious root formation of L. barbarum, three wolfberry genotypes with different root-forming abilities were used as experimental materials. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to analyze the transcriptional differences during adventitious root formation. RESULTS: Transcriptome sequencing identified 6 448 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with the L-vs-H group having the highest number of DEGs at 4 413, including 2 583 upregulated and 1 830 downregulated genes. A total of 281 transcription factors were identified, mainly from the MYB, AP2/ERF, and bHLH families, with distinct expression patterns. GO enrichment analysis revealed that 1 714 DEGs were enriched in 32 GO terms. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs were mainly enriched in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Among these, MYB19 (Lba07g01820) is a core gene in the phenylpropanoid pathway, and TIR1 (Lba08g00069) is a core gene in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. Both genes play crucial roles in adventitious root formation in wolfberry. qRT-PCR validated the reliability of the transcriptome data. CONCLUSION: In this study, the transcriptional regulatory network of adventitious root formation in L. barbarum was analyzed, which provided new insights into the root development mechanism of woody plants, revealed the molecular mechanism of adventitious root formation in L. barbarum, and laid an important theoretical foundation for genetic improvement and efficient breeding of L. barbarum and other woody plants.

ABF transcription factors are collectively referred to as basic leucine zipper proteins that can specifically recognize and bind to ABA-responsive elements (ABRE), participating in ABA signal transduction and serving as regulators of ABA signal transcriptional responses. This study analyzed the protein encoded by the BnaABF2 gene in Brassica napus. Subcellular localization results showed that the BnaABF2 protein is localized in the nucleus. Analysis of transcriptional activity in the yeast system indicated that BnaABF2 has no transcriptional activation activity; qRT-PCR detection revealed that the expression level of BnaABF2 is highest in leaves. We also found that ABA treatment, simulated drought, and salt stress can induce the expression of BnaABF2; BiFC results showed that BnaMPK1/2/6/7/9/12/13 can interact with BnaABF2. Dual-LUC results suggested that BnaMPK7 may enhance the transcriptional regulation of BnaABF2 on downstream target genes through phosphorylation. This study initially explored the basic characteristics and interacting proteins of the transcription factor BnaABF2, providing theoretical guidance for understanding its functions and mechanisms.

Gene editing technology has become an important tool in crop breeding. Maize, one of the globally most important food crops, has been shown with great potential in the use of gene editing technology in genome research and breeding. In this paper, we reviewed the recent progress and applications of gene editing technology in maize research, with a focus on the latest achievements in maize genome editing by CRISPR/Cas. Firstly, we introduced the basic principles and types of gene editing technology, particularly the working mechanism of the CRISPR/Cas systems, and its application advantages in maize. Secondly, we summarized the research progress of gene editing technology in maize breeding, from basic genome editing to the editing of complex multi-gene regulation, aiming at the improvement of key traits such as yield, grain quality, and stress resistance. Finally, the outstanding research work in maize gene editing in China is presented and the existing issues of gene editing technology in maize breeding are discussed, along with an outlook on future development trends.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form symbiotic relationships with approximately 80% of terrestrial plants. Through their unique arbuscular structures within roots, they establish close contact with host cells to create a bidirectional nutrient exchange interface. This mutualistic mechanism not only enhances plant stress resistance but also reshapes ecosystem nutrient cycling. Like pathogenic fungi, the cell walls of AMF are primarily composed of chitin and β-glucans, which are key molecular patterns capable of triggering host plant immune responses. How AMF effectively evades host plant immunity remains unclear. Effector proteins secreted by pathogenic fungi have been found to play a crucial role in suppressing plant immune responses. During arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, numerous effector proteins are also induced, which may similarly inhibit plant immunity and facilitate fungal colonization. This article reviewed and summarized current research on AMF effector proteins as well as discussed the future research directions and challenges. Studying effector proteins will help elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying the establishment and maintenance of AMF symbiosis, deepen our understanding of host-fungal interactions, and aid in selecting optimal fungal strains and plant varieties for enhanced symbiotic efficiency, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural development.

Flow cytometry is a high-throughput technology that allows for the simultaneous and rapid detection of multiple physical and biological characteristics of individual particles. With the significant reduction in sequencing costs, flow cytometry is playing an increasingly prominent role in high-throughput sample acquisition for plant genomics. Taking rice and soybean as examples, this paper describes in detail the application of flow cytometry for fine sorting of plant cell nuclei and the subsequent ATAC-seq and RNA-seq experiments and analysis process, which provides a preferred tool for efficient mining of genes for agrobiological breeding. The key techniques and common problems in the experimental operation, such as the precautions for cell nuclei preparation, the balance between sorting purity and efficiency, and the debugging method for single-cell sorting, were also analyzed and suggested to provide references for the plant scientists in applying flow cytometry to carry out genomics research.

In 2024, the numbers of original research articles published by Chinese plant scientists in mainstream plant science journals increased significantly compared with that in 2023, and important advances have been made in the fields of plant hormone regulation, pathology, synthetic biology, stress resistance mechanism, phylogenetics and genomics. Among them, “Characterization and Heterologous Reconstitution of Taxus Biosynthetic Enzymes Leading to Baccatin III”, and “Reciprocal Conversion Between Annual and Polycarpic Perennial Flowering Behavior in the Brassicaceae” were selected as two of the “Top Ten Advances in Life Sciences in China” in 2024. Here we summarize the achievements of plant science research in China in 2024, by briefly introducing 50 representative important research advances, so as to help readers understand the trend of plant science development in China, and evaluate future research direction to meet major national strategic needs.

Leguminous plants in arid regions are crucial for maintaining ecological balance and promoting sustainable agricultural development. Clarifying the characteristics and application potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) associated with these legumes is of great value for enhancing plant stress resistance and facilitating ecological restoration in arid areas. By exploring the functional diversity of PGPR in the rhizosphere of arid-region legumes and constructing synthetic microbial communities, it is possible to help plants resist abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity, as well as restore degraded soil ecosystems in arid regions. However, systematic research on PGPR of leguminous plants in arid zones remains insufficient. This review focuses on leguminous plants in arid regions of China, clarifies their geographical distribution and ecological advantages in arid environments, and elucidates the stress resistance and growth-promoting mechanisms of legume PGPR, along with their application prospects in enhancing plant stress tolerance. Furthermore, it suggests that future research should focus on in-depth exploration of microbial resources, clarifying the adaptability of legumes to different soil types in arid regions, and promoting the application of PGPR for legumes in arid areas. This study has significant theoretical and practical value for the precise construction and application of synthetic microbial communities to enhance plant stress resistance and ensure ecological and agricultural sustainability in arid regions.

Aims: There are 23 targets of Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) from the period up to 2030. China is among the mega biodiversity countries with largest human population and faces a lot of challenges on biodiversity conservation. It is very important to understand current biodiversity conservation status and gaps in order to achieve 2030 mission and 2050 vision. In addition, although forestry and grassland administrations in China (FGAC) are considered as the main body of China biodiversity conservation, especially on in situ conservation, ex situ conservation and trade control, there is no detail analysis about the lawful basis and implementation mechanisms of FGAC for the 23 targets. At the same time, there are many national strategic actions or plans on biodiversity conservation, it is very urgent to propose comments and suggestions on these actions or plans in order to make best usage of limited conservation resources. Here we aim to illustrate current biodiversity conservation status and gaps, lawful basis of FGAC’s duties, and propose our suggestions on Chinese biodiversity conservation on 2030 targets.
Methods: We analyzed the lawful basis and implementation mechanisms of FGAC for the 23 targets of KMGBF, from the aspects of ecosystem conservation, species conservation, genetic resources conservation and biosafety, support measures, and fairness requirements. We analyzed the typical route of implementing framework conventions through synergy among governmental sectors, and discussed four stages, i.e. to determine the whole goals, to identify detail targets, to implement relevant actions or plans, enforcement/supervision/evaluation. We also summarized the biodiversity conservation achievements and shortcomings of FGAC, and provided suggestions for future work.
Results: Our analyses indicated that Chinese government attached high importance on biodiversity conservation. The mandate duties of FGAC well consist with 2030 mission. Many national strategic actions or plans on biodiversity were compiled and implemented by FGAC. Many special conservation measures of FGAC, such as ecological conservation compensation and Forestry-Leader Mechanism, had been established and received huge amount support. The conservation networks have been well established and improving across China. The system of in situ conservation, such as national parks, nature reserves, key habitats of wildlife, has been established and improving across all kinds ecosystem and received strong support from governments, local communities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The system of ex situ conservation, such as national botanical gardens, endangered species conservation and research centers, had been well designed and received strong support from national/provincial/municipal governments and scientists. Bilateral and multilateral international co-operations had launched many achievements and contributed to global biodiversity conservation. Public awareness is improved through wide spread communication. Many endangered species have been well protected and the quality of ecosystems is improved onwards. Inner problems related to biodiversity conservation are analyzed. Suggestions are provided regarding in situ conservation, ex situ conservation, enforcement/supervision/ evaluation, and mainstreaming of biodiversity.
Conclusion: Biodiversity conservation has achieved great outcome and is becoming important part of Chinese government. However, there is high pressure for FGAC to implement relevant conservation actions or plans. We propose to improve biodiversity conservation networks, establish biodiversity monitoring system, enhance enforcement, supervision and evaluation, and mainstream biodiversity concept into Chinese culture.

Horticultural plants are of great significance in cultural inheritance, economic development, and ecosystem sustainability. However, the advancement of horticultural practices is hindered by challenges such as climate change, labor shortages, and inefficient resource utilization. Plant information sensing technology provides innovative solutions to these challenges. Among these technologies, plant wearable sensors have emerged as promising tools for monitoring due to their high flexibility, extensibility, spatiotemporal resolution, and biocompatibility, gradually becoming essential technologies for acquiring data on plant. Nevertheless, a systematic review of wearable sensor applications in horticultural plant research remains lacking. This paper focuses on horticultural plant information detection and comprehensively examines plant wearable sensors' research and application status in the following areas: growth monitoring, moisture content detection, stem sap flow analysis, electrical signal acquisition and chemical substance detection.Finally, we summarize the current status of plant wearable sensors and propose future development directions, aiming to provide valuable references for information detection in horticultural plants.

Leaf color mutants are mutation types in which gene mutations cause abnormalities in chlorophyll synthesis or degradation, thereby changing leaf color. Leaf color mutants are not only tools for analyzing photosynthetic and chloroplast development mechanisms, but also key materials for mining the regulatory network of medicinal component synthesis, and have broad application prospects in functional genomics research, molecular marker-assisted breeding and the creation of medicinal germplasm with high active ingredients. Although current research has achieved certain results, it still faces problems such as low efficiency in mutant screening, unclear functions of some genes, and insufficient integration of multi-omics data. This review focuses on leaf color mutants of medicinal plants, systematically expounds their induction pathways, mutation molecular mechanisms and characteristic applications, and highlights the research value of medicinal plants in secondary metabolism regulation. Their induction methods are divided into spontaneous mutation and artificial induction mutation, and the latter covers physical, chemical and biological mutagenesis, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. In terms of molecular mechanisms, mutations in key genes for chlorophyll synthesis and degradation lead to pigment metabolism imbalance, abnormalities in chloroplast development genes affect chloroplast structure and function, variations in photosynthesis genes change the efficiency of light energy capture and conversion, and transcription factors and light signal/hormone pathways synergistically regulate leaf color. Especially in medicinal plants, leaf color mutations are often accompanied by changes in photosynthetic efficiency. Through energy supply, carbon-nitrogen allocation and metabolic precursor sharing, the chlorophyll metabolism-secondary metabolism network is reshaped to regulate the synthesis and accumulation of medicinal secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. In the future, relying on technological innovations such as CRISPR gene editing, combining multi-omics integration and artificial intelligence screening, we should focus on breaking through the light regulation mechanism of medicinal component synthesis and promoting the genetic improvement of endangered species and the cultivation of high-active ingredients varieties.

INTRODUCTION: Anthracnose, primarily caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a main diseaseaffecting mangoes, leading to significant postharvest losses by deteriorating fruit quality and reducing shelf life. 

RATIONALE: Addressing postharvest anthracnose is a critical challenge in the mango industry. Biological control methods, such as utilizing antagonistic bacteria, offer sus-tainable alternatives to chemical treatments. This study investigates the efficacy of Ba-cillus velezensis in inhibiting C. gloeosporioides and its potential in preserving mango fruit quality. 

RESULTS: The application of B. velezensis culture filtrate (CF) effectively inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides. At CF concentrations of 2% and 4%, mycelial inhibition rates were 75.18% and 80.96%, respectively. In vivo experiments demonstrated that both bacterial suspension (CB) and CF treatments significantly re-duced lesion expansion on mangoes, with inhibition rates of 44.33% and 65.00%, respectively. Treated fruits exhibited a slower decrease in titratable acids and maintained higher levels of total phenols and flavonoids, indicating delayed ripening and extended shelf life. 

 CONCLUSION: Bacillus velezensis exhibits strong antagonistic activity against C. gloeosporioides, effectively controlling mango anthracnose and preserving fruit quality. Its application as a biocontrol agent holds promise for sustainable postharvest management in mango production.

Promoter is an indispensable regulatory sequence for driving gene expression in higher plants. Different promoter elements cause diverse driving efficiency and space-time specificity. Identifying the structures and functions of promoter elements contributes to a better understanding of the growth and development, multi-stress tolerance, and evolution of plants. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies, artificial intelligence and synthetic biology, the techniques for identifying cis-acting elements and constructing artificial biological components that meet the design requirements has gradually emerged, providing a foundation for efficient, precise, and diverse gene regulation in molecular breeding. This article targets on the application of promoter reconstruction in molecular design, introducing the detailed structure and function of higher plant promoters and the methods of cis-acting element identification. We summarized a total of 174 inducible, tissue-specific promoter elements in 27 categories and their applications on artificial modification and synthesis. At the end, we proposed the future directions and methods of the promoter designs. This review will be helpful for the further functional analyses of promoters in higher plants and their applications on molecular design breeding.

INTRODUCTION: The cell wall-associated kinase (WAK) family has annotated approximately 130 WAK genes in the genome of rice (Oryza sativa), which play an important role in rice growth and development and stress responses.

RATIONALE: Here, we investigated the regulation and physiological mechanism of OsWAK16, an encoding gene of the cell wall-associated kinase WAK16-RLK, on rice seed vigor and anti-aging ability.

 
RESULTS: The results showed that before and after artificial aging, the seed vigor of OsWAK16 knock out mutants and overexpression lines was significantly lower and higher than that of wild-type seeds, respectively, indicating that OsWAK16 positively regulates the anti-aging ability of seeds. Physiological and biochemical analyses indicated that compared with wild-type seeds before and after artificial aging treatment, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrical conductivity (EC) of seed soaking solution of OsWAK16 knock out mutant seeds were significantly increased, while antioxidant enzyme activity was significantly decreased. The reverse was true in overexpression seeds. In addition, the differential expression of OsWAK16 in three types of seeds, whether artificially aged or not, also caused synergistic changes in the expression of other seed vigor-related genes OsPER1A, OsbZIP23, OsPIMT1, OsSdr4, OsMSRB5 and OsHSP18.2.

 
CONCLUSION: Therefore, it is speculated that OsWAK16 may work synergistically with other seed vigor-related genes to clear reactive oxygen species in cells, thereby regulating seed vigor and anti-aging capacity.

Pinus densata Alliance is one of the most widespread pine forests in mountains of southwest China. Endemic to China, this alliance occurs in west Sichuan, northwest Yunnan, and southeast Xizang. In this study, we defined the geographic distribution boundary and priliminarily ascertained the geographic distribution area of P. densata Alliance based on previous literature and field investigation sites. Using data from 48 plots surveyed during 2020-2022, we proposed a preliminary scheme of vegetation classification and described the community structure characteristics for P. densata Alliance, and analyzed species composition characteristics combined with data from 11 plots surveyed in 2012. The results showed that (1) the distribution area of P. densata Alliance covered 33 counties and cities, including Yajiang, Xiangcheng, Daocheng, Dêqên, Xamgyi’nyilha, Markam, Mainling, and so on, at an altitude ranging from (1 300) 2 500 to 3 800 (4 000) m, and the eastern, western, northern and southern boundaries were Donggu Town in Danba County, Zengqi Township in Sangri County, Puxi Township in Zamtang County, and Yulong Snow Mountain in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County. (2) 522 vascular plant species belonging to 222 genera and 67 families were recorded, among which there were 500 seed plants belonging to 209 genera and 60 families, and 233 Chinese endemic plants belonging to 114 genera and 42 families, and the north temperate element was the dominant areal-type. (3) Based on the differences in community structure and species composition, P. densata Alliance could be classified into 7 association groups and 20 associations.

INTRODUCTION: The genetic diversity of common wheat (Triticum aestivum) has decreased sharply due to the domestication and modern breeding operations, making it more vulnerable to the threats from pests and pathogens. Leaf rust, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina (Pt), is a devastating disease in wheat. Over 80 leaf rust resistance (Lr) genes have been identified, with nearly half originating from wheat wild relatives. However, the rapid evolution of Pt has rendered many Lr genes ineffective against prevalent Pt races. Consequently, identifying novel sources of resistance in wild relatives of common wheat remains an urgent priority for sustainable wheat breeding.

RATIONALE: As one of the most widely used relatives in the genetic improvement of wheat, decaploid Thinopyrum ponticum shows excellent resistance to multiple diseases including leaf rust. By distant hybridization and chromosome engineering, we created a wheat-Th. ponticum line WTS135. We evaluated its disease resistance with Pt race THTT, developed Th. ponticum specific markers by specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing technology and assessed its agronomic traits by phenotypic investigation. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH)-fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis (FISH) and liquid chip analysis have been used to identify its chromosome composition.

RESULTS: WTS135 is immune to the Pt race THTT. Pedigree analysis showed that this resistance originated from the exogenous chromosome of Th. ponticum. GISH-FISH analysis revealed that the wheat chromosomes 7D were replaced by the Th. ponticum-derived chromosomes. Liquid chip analysis showed that the alien chromosomes belonged to the homoeologous group 7, and the density and abundance of the signals in the peri-centromeric region were significantly lower, which was consistent with the GISH results. Therefore, it is indicated that WTS135 is a 7St (7D) disomic substitution line. After detected by the molecular markers related to known Lr genes on wheat 7D chromosome, it is speculated that WTS135 probably carries a novel resistance gene that is different from genes Lr19 and Lr29. Ten primers specific to Th. ponticum were developed to rapidly trace the exogenous chromatin in WTS135. Phenotypic investigation showed that the yield of WTS135 was not significantly different from that of the recurrent parent Jimai 22, suggesting that this line can be useful for improving disease resistance in wheat.

CONCLUSION: Introducing resistance genes from wild relatives into wheat through distant hybridization can broaden the genetic base of wheat and provide new sources for breeding disease-resistant varieties. We developed a common wheat-Th. ponticum 7St (7D) substitution line, which possibly has a novel alien resistance gene and could be used in the breeding for enhancing wheat disease resistance.

Chromosome composition and leaf rust resistance evaluation of WTS135. (A) GISH analysis using Thinopyrum ponticum gDNA as a probe and Chinese Spring gDNA as a block; (B) Mc-FISH analysis using combined oligo probes; (C) The liquid chip analysis of WTS135; (D) Evaluation for leaf rust resistance in WTS135 and its parents (1: WTS135; 2: Xiaoyan 81; 3: Jimai 22, 4: Zhongnong 28, 5: Th. ponticum). The white arrows indicate exogenous chromosomes, purple frames indicate chromosome additions or deletions.

Ecology explores the fundamental principles and dynamics of macro living-systems and provides the scientific foundation of ecological civilization. China has separated the ecology as an independent subject from the biology subject to better promote its development. This transition calls for a broader conceptual framework for the subject of ecology. In this article, we define “ecology” as “the science that studies the structures, functions and dynamics of macro living-systems”, which provides a theoretical guidance and practical solutions for maintaining sustainable biosphere. Current ecology encompasses multiple living-system levels from molecules to the biosphere, with its core focus on five key levels: individual, population, community, ecosystem, and landscape. The sub-subject system of ecology comprises seven core disciplines: Plant Ecology, Animal Ecology, Microbial Ecology, Ecosystem Ecology, Landscape Ecology, Restoration Ecology, and Sustainable Ecology. Over nearly 160 years, ecology has generated seminal concepts and landmark theories that have profoundly influenced natural science advancement and human civilization. Current ecology is characterized with four distinctive features: (1) expansion of research scope to both macro- and micro-scales; (2) broad adoption of methodologies from other fields such as molecular biology or information science; (3) increased attention to field-based experiments and observational networks, with platforms now established at regional and global scales; and (4) enhanced emphasis on applied ecology to address ecological challenges of human society. Serving as both a natural philosophy for comprehending the living world and a praxeology for conserving and utilizing nature, ecology can be framed through five core perspectives: (1) hierarchical perspective (recognizing the multiple structural levels of living systems), (2) holistic perspective (approaching ecological phenomena from an integrative viewpoint), (3) systematic perspective (viewing the living world as interconnected networks), (4) evolutionary perspective (understanding life systems as dynamic and evolving), and (5) practical perspective (developing solutions for sustainable stewardship of nature). Methodologically, ecological research relies on four principal approaches: field investigations, laboratory and in-situ controlled experiments, model simulations, and meta-analyses. Although ecology and its branches possess robust theoretical frameworks, they lack their own technological systems. Consequently, the development of core ecological technologies is essential to promote continued vitality and progression of the ecology discipline.

INTRODUCTION:An efficient Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation system for Pueraria lobata was established.

RATIONALE: In this study, tissue-cultured plantlets of P. lobata were used as explants to investigate the effects of different genotypes, A. rhizogenes strains, explants, precultivation times, infection times, culture days, subculture times, and culture methods on the efficiency of hairy root genetic transformation in P. lobata.

RESULTS: The results indicated that the induction rate of hairy root formation was the highest when the immature leaves of YG-19 were used as the explant material, reaching 10.2%. A. rhizogenes K599 was identified as the most suitable strain. The optimal explant material was immature leaves that had just unfolded from the first to second nodes of the 5^th to 13^th generation tissue culture plantlets subcultured for 8 days. After 3 days of pre-culture and 15 minutes of bacterial infection, the highest induction rate of hairy roots reached 22.4%. The optimal type of culture medium for the proliferation of hairy roots in P. lobatawas solid medium culture, and the fresh weight of hairy roots grown on solid medium was 75 times greater than that of hairy roots grown in liquid medium. PCR detection and fluorescence microscopy assays revealed that the expression of GFP and rolB genes in the hairy roots of P. lobata was stable, and the rate of cotransformation was 80%.

CONCLUSION: Genotype, A. rhizogenes strain, and culture duration were the most critical factors for the efficient genetic transformation of hairy roots in P. lobata.

Charophytes and land plants form a monophyletic group known as Streptophyta. Fossil and molecular evidences suggest that land plants originated from charophytes. This article summarizes the 14 sequenced genomes of 10 species in charophytes and reviews the molecular mechanisms involved in the terrestrialization of plants, revealing the genomic basis for the pre-adaptation of charophytes that included the expansion of gene families regulating plant hormone signal transduction and encoding key transcription factors, as well as horizontal gene transfer. We elucidate with examples the helpful role of the whole-genome data of charophytes in transcriptomic and functional genomic discovery. Moreover, we discuss the importance of telomere-to-telomere genomes and pan-genomes for a deeper understanding of plant terrestrialization and the future directions of integrating genomic data with biological experiments for deciphering the function and origin of charophyte genes.

Coumarins are a class of phenolic compounds with benzopyrones as the parent ring structure, categorized into simple and complex coumarins, and widely distributed in higher plants. In recent years, studies have shown that root-secreted coumarins can promote iron absorption in plants. Here, the recent progress in the discovery and identification of genes related to the biosynthesis and regulation of plant iron deficiency-induced coumarins is reviewed, and the molecular mechanisms of the biosynthesis, storage, secretion, and regulation of iron deficiency-induced coumarins are further elaborated. The mechanism by which coumarins could promote plant iron uptake has also been discussed. Finally, this paper provides a preliminary outlook on the future research directions to gain knowledge of these mechanisms, which could offer novel opportunities to generate iron deficiency-tolerant crops and iron-biofortified crops.

INTRODUCTION: Ficus hirta Vahl is a common Chinese herbal medicine and edible plant resource in the Lingnan area of China. It contains coumarins, flavonoids and other chemical compounds, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral and antitumor effects. However, F. hirta exhibits significant morphological variation in leaf shapes due to its high genetic diversity. 

RATIONALE: To investigate the relationship between the leaf shape differences and the contents of major active compounds, herein, LC-MS/MS was performed to determine the contents of psoralen and bergapten in F. hirta roots from three different leaf shapes (entirc leaf, EL; lobed leaf, LL; Palmately deeply leaf, PDL), and transcriptome sequencing was further employed to explore the potential molecular mechanisms underlying these contents variations. 

RESULTS: Results showed that PDL exhibited significantly higher psoralen content compared to EL and LL, while EL with significantly higher bergapten content than that in LL, but no significant difference was observed between EL and PDL. A total of 60.9 Gb clean reads were obtained, and 46 194 unigenes were assembled. F. hirta had the highest homology with Morus notabilis, according to the homologous sequencing alignment. 2 355, 2 067 and 2 001 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened from three comparison groups PDL_vs_EL, PDL_vs_LL, and LL_vs_EL, respectively. These DEGs were primarily enriched in the pathways such as phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and plant-pathogen interaction etc. 

CONCLUSION: There were differences in the contents of psoralen and bergapten among the three leaf shapes of F. hirta. The phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plant-pathogen interaction pathway may play crucial roles in the biosynthesis and accumulation of psoralen and bergapten in F. hirta. This study preliminarily revealed the correlation between the leaf morphology and major active compounds of F. hirta, and extended its public transcriptome database, which will provide reference for further utilizing different leaf shape of F. hirta germplasm resources and quality breeding.

There are 94 cetacean species worldwide, which represent one of the most enigmatic and threatened groups among mammals. Throughout their transition from land to water, cetaceans have evolved numerous morphological, life history, and ecological traits that enhance their adaptability to aquatic environments. However, a comprehensive global database of cetacean ecological characteristics is still lacking. Our study systematically reviews books, literature, and other data resources to collect and compile cetacean characteristic data, including 15 morphological traits, 12 life-history traits, and 11 ecological traits. Based on the collected data, we quantified the trait completeness for each species and employed phylogenetic linear regression model to explore the factors influencing the ratio of data completeness. The completeness of the morphological traits ranges from 72.15% to 100.00%, life history traits from 17.72% to 100.00%, and ecological traits from 25.32% to 100.00%. The regression analyses showed that species described earlier and inhabiting nearshore habitats tend to exhibit higher data completeness. This dataset provides essential foundational information for research in cetacean ecology, conservation biology, and evolutionary biology. It also serves as a significant platform for data sharing and communication in regional and global cetacean conservation efforts.