Bulletin of Botanical Research ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 518-532.doi: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.005
• Original Paper • Previous Articles Next Articles
Hao GUO1,2, Caixia CHEN2, Xiaojing AN1,2, Xian’en LI2, Haiying WANG1(), Zhongting XIA3(
)
Received:
2025-02-05
Online:
2025-07-20
Published:
2025-07-25
Contact:
Haiying WANG, Zhongting XIA
E-mail:haiyingwang-99@163.com;Hexinshang-1@hotmail.com
CLC Number:
Hao GUO, Caixia CHEN, Xiaojing AN, Xian’en LI, Haiying WANG, Zhongting XIA. Effect of Environmental Factors on the Active Ingredients of Codonopsis pilosula[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2025, 45(4): 518-532.
Table 1
The information of Codonopsis pilosula collected
编号 Number | 采样点 Sampling site | 基源 Origin plant | 经纬度 Latitude and longitude | 海拔 Elevation/m | 党参炔苷质量分数 Lobetyolin mass fraction/(mg·g-1) | 党参多糖质量分数 Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide mass fraction/(mg·g-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D1 | 重庆市巫溪县双阳乡双阳村 | 党参 | 31°28′28″N,109°49′34″E | 1 650 | 2.147±0.064b | 128±35ij |
D2 | 重庆市奉节县太和乡石板村 | 党参 | 30°24′6″N,109°9′4″E | 1 500 | 2.192±0.074a | 223±3efgh |
D3 | 重庆市巫山县红椿乡红椿村 | 党参 | 30°31′28″N,109°39′14″E | 1 600 | 2.017±0.015c | 254±29bcdef |
D4 | 重庆市奉节县长安乡五坝村 | 党参 | 30°25′24″N,109°21′8″E | 1 700 | 1.234±0.006f | 368±19a |
D5 | 重庆市巫山县红椿乡西槽村 | 党参 | 30°28′57″N,109°21′13″E | 1 500 | 1.391±0.042e | 254±11cdef |
D6 | 赤峰市阿鲁科尔沁旗三山村 | 党参 | 43°55′24″N,120°3′47″E | 452 | 0.396±0.010v | 389±54a |
D7 | 定西市陇西县福星镇 | 党参 | 35°7′59″N,104°37′14″E | 2 160 | 0.586±0.003s | 228±28efgh |
D8 | 定西市渭源县庆坪镇 | 党参 | 35°17′54″N,104°9′52″E | 2 407 | 0.763±0.011n | 298±21b |
D9 | 定西市临洮县连儿湾乡 | 党参 | 35°24′26″N,104°8′18″E | 2 469 | 0.972±0.023i | 268±6bcde |
D10 | 定西市漳县四族镇 | 党参 | 34°42′7″N,104°24′39″E | 2 181 | 0.923±0.008k | 277±19bcd |
D11 | 定西市漳县石川镇 | 党参 | 34°37′23″N,104°19′10″E | 2 123 | 0.740±0.010o | 229±11efgh |
D12 | 定西市岷县蒲麻镇 | 党参 | 34°34′27″N,104°21′28″E | 2 257 | 0.988±0.004h | 152±11i |
D13 | 定西市岷县闾井镇 | 党参 | 34°22′17″N,104°31′21″E | 2 480 | 1.028±0.015g | 212±36fgh |
D14 | 定西市岷县梅川镇 | 党参 | 34°32′24″N,104°9′31″E | 2 659 | 0.900±0.010l | 227±1efgh |
D15 | 定西市岷县西江镇 | 党参 | 34°28′20″N,103°56′3″E | 2 178 | 0.682±0.016p | 211±13fgh |
D16 | 甘南藏族自治州临潭县新城镇 | 党参 | 34°41′21″N,103°34′58″E | 2 803 | 0.498±0.015t | 234±23defgh |
D17 | 甘南藏族自治州临潭县羊永镇 | 党参 | 34°39′35″N,103°29′24″E | 2 669 | 0.428±0.009u | 209±12gh |
D18 | 甘南藏族自治州卓尼县木耳镇 | 党参 | 34°33′32″N,103°32′59″E | 2 496 | 0.661±0.002q | 252±23cdefg |
D19 | 甘南藏族自治州卓尼县纳浪镇 | 党参 | 34°30′3″N,103°44′57″E | 2 371 | 0.960±0.030i | 285±10bc |
D20 | 定西市岷县西寨镇 | 党参 | 34°28′25″N,103°49′28″E | 2 343 | 0.626±0.006r | 243±11cdefgh |
D21 | 定西市岷县麻子川镇 | 党参 | 34°16′57″N,104°6′29″E | 2 475 | 1.477±0.043d | 207±52h |
D22 | 陇南市宕昌县庞家乡 | 党参 | 34°16′4″N,104°17′59″E | 2 236 | 0.853±0.005m | 235±4defgh |
D23 | 晋城市陵川县平城镇和村村 | 党参 | 35°52′23″N,113°18′35″E | 1 397 | 0.940±0.014j | 78±24k |
D24 | 晋城市陵川县平城镇和村村 | 党参 | 35°52′23″N,113°18′35″E | 1 397 | 0.351±0.005w | 105±9jk |
D25 | 晋城市陵川县平城镇林峦岭村 | 党参 | 35°52′55″N,113°19′51″E | 1 370 | 0.664±0.009q | 139±7ij |
D26 | 晋城市陵川县平城镇魏庄村 | 党参 | 35°52′39″N,113°20′15″E | 1 360 | 0.641±0.014r | 76±8k |
D27 | 晋城市陵川县夺火乡 | 党参 | 35°36′32″N,113°18′15″E | 1 344 | 0.513±0.028t | 73±23k |
Fig.1
Meteorological data from different producing areas of Codonopsis pilosulaA.Monthly maximum temperature; B.Monthly minimum temperature; C.Monthly precipitation. WX. Wuxi County, Chongqing; FJ. Fengjie County, Chongqing; WS. Wushan County, Chongqing; AQ. Ar Horqin Banner, Chifeng City; LX. Longxi County, Dingxi City; WY. Weiyuan County, Dingxi City; LT. Lintao County, Dingxi City; ZX. Zhang County, Dingxi City; MX. Min County, Dingxi City; GNLT. Lintan County, Gannan Xizang Autonomous Prefecture; ZN. Zhuoni County, Gannan Xizang Autonomous Prefecture; TC. Tanchang County, Longnan City; LC. Lingchuan County, Jincheng City.
Fig.2
Mass fraction of active ingredients in Codonopsis pilosula from different producing areasA.Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide mass fraction; B.Lobetyolin mass fraction. The upper edge of the box represented the upper quartile, and the lower edge represented the lower quartile. The white dots inside the box represented the median, and the white horizontal lines represented the mean. Different letters indicated significant differences among producing areas, P<0.05.WX. Wuxi County, Chongqing; FJ. Fengjie County, Chongqing; WS. Wushan County, Chongqing; AQ. Ar Horqin Banner, Chifeng City; LX. Longxi County, Dingxi City; WY. Weiyuan County, Dingxi City; LT. Lintao County, Dingxi City; ZX. Zhang County, Dingxi City; MX. Min County, Dingxi City; GNLT. Lintan County, Gannan Xizang Autonomous Prefecture; ZN. Zhuoni County, Gannan Xizang Autonomous Prefecture; TC. Tanchang County, Longnan City; LC. Lingchuan County, Jincheng City.
Fig.3
Physicochemical parameters of soils of Codonopsis pilosula root zone from different producing areasA.Soil alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen mass fraction; B.Soil available phosphorus mass fraction; C.Soil available potassium mass fraction; D.Soil organic matter mass fraction; E.Soil pH level; F.Soil sucrase activity; G.Soil alkaline phosphatase activity; H.Soil acid phosphatase activity. The upper edge of the box represented the upper quartile, and the lower edge represented the lower quartile. The white dots inside the box represented the median, and the white horizontal lines represented the mean. Different letters indicated significant differences among producing areas, P<0.05.WX. Wuxi County, Chongqing; FJ. Fengjie County, Chongqing; WS. Wushan County, Chongqing; AQ. Ar Horqin Banner, Chifeng City; LX. Longxi County, Dingxi City; WY. Weiyuan County, Dingxi City; LT. Lintao County, Dingxi City; ZX. Zhang County, Dingxi City; MX. Min County, Dingxi City; GNLT. Lintan County, Gannan Xizang Autonomous Prefecture; ZN. Zhuoni County, Gannan Xizang Autonomous Prefecture; TC. Tanchang County, Longnan City; LC. Lingchuan County, Jincheng City.
Table 2
Correlation analysis of the content of active ingredients in Codonopsis pilosula at different sampling sites based on longitude,latitude,and elevation
有效成分 Active ingredient | 地理因子 Geographical factors | 相关系数Correlation coefficient | P值 P value |
---|---|---|---|
党参多糖 Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide | 经度Longitude | -0.290 | 0.142 |
纬度Latitude | -0.275 | 0.164 | |
海拔Elevation | 0.242 | 0.221 | |
党参炔苷 Lobetyolin | 经度Longitude | 0.046 | 0.821 |
纬度Latitude | -0.714 | 0.000 | |
海拔Elevation | 0.049 | 0.809 |
Table 3
Principal component eigenvalues and variance contribution rate of active ingredients content in C. pilosula and environmental factors in different producing areas
主成分 Principal component | 特征值 Eigenvalue | 方差贡献率 Variance contribution rate/% | 累计方差贡献率 Cumulative variance contribution rate/% |
---|---|---|---|
PC1 | 16.4 | 53.0 | 53.0 |
PC2 | 4.1 | 13.3 | 66.3 |
PC3 | 3.1 | 9.9 | 76.3 |
Fig.4
Principal component analysis of active ingredients content in C. pilosula and environmental factors in different producing areasA.PCA score plot; B.PCA loading plot. Ellipses indicated 95% confidence intervals. cpp. Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide; lob. Lobetyolin.SOM. Soil organic matter; pH. Soil pH value; AN.Available nitrogen in soil; AP. Available phosphorus in soil; AK. Available potassium in soil; fac1. Maximum temperature in April; fac2. Maximum temperature in May; fac3. Maximum temperature in June; fac4. Maximum temperature in July; fac5. Maximum temperature in August; fac6. Maximum temperature in September; fac7. Maximum temperature in October; fac8. Minimum temperature in April; fac9. Minimum temperature in May; fac10. Minimum temperature in June; fac11. Minimum temperature in July; fac12. Minimum temperature in August; fac13. Minimum temperature in September; fac14. Minimum temperature in October; fac15. Precipitation in April; fac16. Precipitation in May; fac17. Precipitation in June; fac18. Precipitation in July; fac19. Precipitation in August; fac20. Precipitation in September; fac21. Precipitation in October.
Fig.5
Correlation clustering heatmap and random forest model analysis between different environmental factors and active ingredient content in Codonopsis pilosulaA.Correlation clustering heatmap; B.Random forest model analysis of polysaccharide content in C. pilosula; C.Random forest model analysis of lobetyolin content in C. pilosula. *. P<0.05, **. P<0.01, ***. P<0.001. cpp. Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide; lob. Lobetyolin.SOM. Soil organic matter; pH. Soil pH value; AN. Available nitrogen in soil; AP. Available phosphorus in soil; AK. Available potassium in soil; fac1. Maximum temperature in April; fac2. Maximum temperature in May; fac3. Maximum temperature in June; fac4. Maximum temperature in July; fac5. Maximum temperature in August; fac6. Maximum temperature in September; fac7. Maximum temperature in October; fac8. Minimum temperature in April; fac9. Minimum temperature in May; fac10. Minimum temperature in June; fac11. Minimum temperature in July; fac12. Minimum temperature in August; fac13. Minimum temperature in September; fac14. Minimum temperature in October; fac15. Precipitation in April; fac16. Precipitation in May; fac17. Precipitation in June; fac18. Precipitation in July; fac19. Precipitation in August; fac20. Precipitation in September; fac21. Precipitation in October.
Fig.6
Partial dependence plot(PDP) of key environmental factors affecting the content of active ingredients in Codonopsis pilosulaA. PDP of polysaccharide mass fraction based on SOM; B. PDP of polysaccharide mass fraction based on fac21; C. PDP of polysaccharide mass fraction based on AKP; D. PDP of lobetyolin mass fraction based on AN; E. PDP of lobetyolin mass fraction based on ACP; F. PDP of lobetyolin mass fraction based on fac12; G. PDP of lobetyolin mass fraction based on fac9; H. PDP of lobetyolin mass fraction based on pH; I. PDP of lobetyolin mass fraction based on fac11.
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