植物对土壤氮吸收的多维度策略及其生态意义

doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.05.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植物吸收土壤氮的过程及其多维度策略对生态系统生物多样性和碳汇功能具有重要影响。该文系统回顾了植物氮营养理论发展历程，介绍了矿质营养理论和矿质-有机营养理论，重点阐述了植物对土壤氮吸收的多维度策略，主要涉及4个方面：（1）多形态氮吸收，这既包括铵态氮和硝态氮，也包括一系列低相对分子质量有机氮，如氨基酸、氨基糖和寡肽等；（2）季节性吸收，植物对土壤多形态氮吸收数量和模式具有显著的季节性变异，不同植物的吸收规律可能存在差异；（3）土层分化吸收，根系构型及土壤有效氮在土壤垂直层次的变异影响植物对土壤不同层次氮量及氮形态的吸收；（4）共生方式分化吸收，固氮细菌、菌根真菌及深色有隔内生真菌等促进植物氮吸收，并在一定程度上影响植物对不同形态氮的获取。综上，植物氮吸收的多维度策略是生态系统植物共存和生态位分化的基础，在缓解植物种间竞争、减少氮损失及提高生态系统氮利用效率等方面发挥重要作用。目前，对植物氮吸收策略的研究尚有不足，与之相关的一些关键科学问题亟待解决，如原位土壤有效氮的含量与动态，不同土壤有效氮的周转差异，植物氮吸收策略的分子生物学机制，以及不同有效氮对植物氮营养的贡献等。

关键词: 土壤氮, 低相对分子质量有机氮, 氮吸收策略, 生态系统, 生态位分化

Abstract:

The process of plant nitrogen（N） uptake from soil and its multidimensional strategies significantly influence the biodiversity and carbon sequestration functions of ecosystems. This paper systematically reviewed the development of N nutrition theories in plants， introducing mineral nutrition theory and mineral-organic nutrition theory. It focused on the multidimensional strategies that plants use to absorb soil N， covering four main aspects：（1）multiform N absorption， which includes both inorganic N（e.g. ammonium and nitrate） and a range of low molecular weight organic N forms such as amino acids， amino sugars， and oligopeptides；（2）seasonal variation in N absorption， in which plants exhibit significant seasonal variations in both the magnitude and patterns of uptake of various forms of soil N， and different species may display distinct differences in uptake patterns；（3） stratified soil layer absorption， in which the root system configuration and the variation of available soil N across soil vertical profiles influence plant absorption of N amounts and N forms at different soil depths；（4）symbiotic absorption differentiation， in which nitrogen-fixing bacteria， mycorrhizal fungi， and dark-septate endophytic fungi promote N uptake by plants and， to some extent， affect the plant’s acquisition of different N forms. It was concluded that the multidimensional strategies of plant N uptake provide a basis for plant coexistence and niche differentiation in ecosystems， playing a key role in mitigating inter-plant competition， reducing N loss， and improving N use efficiency in ecosystems. However， research on plant N uptake strategies remains insufficient， with several key scientific issues yet to be resolved， such as the in-situ availability and dynamics of soil N， the turnover differences of various available N forms in soil， the molecular biological mechanisms of plant N uptake strategies， and the contributions of different available N forms to plant N nutrition.

Key words: soil nitrogen, low molecular weight organic nitrogen, uptake strategies of nitrogen, ecosystem, niche differentiation

中图分类号:

S714.7

高雷, 杨瑞彤, 刘宝东, 贾淑霞, 郭亚芬, 崔晓阳. 植物对土壤氮吸收的多维度策略及其生态意义[J]. 植物研究, 2025, 45(5): 662-674.

Lei GAO, Ruitong YANG, Baodong LIU, Shuxia JIA, Yafen GUO, Xiaoyang CUI. Diversification of Plant Soil Nitrogen Uptake Strategies and Its Ecological Implications[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2025, 45(5): 662-674.

图/表 4

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