Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Solanum lyratum: a review

doi:10.1007/s13659-022-00361-0

Abstract

Abstract: Solanum lyratum is one of the temperate plants, broadly distributed in Korea, China, Japan, India, and South-East Asia and well-documented in those oriental ethnic medicine systems for curing cancers, jaundice, edema, gonorrhea, cholecystitis, phlogosis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. This review systematically summarized the research progress on S. lyratum respecting the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology to increase people’s in-depth understanding of this plant, by data retrieval in a series of online or off-line electronic databases as far as we can reach. Steroidal saponins and alkaloids, terpenoids, nitrogenous compounds, and flavonoid compounds are the main chemical constituents in S.lyratum. Among them, steroidal alkaloids and saponins are the major active ingredients ever found in S. lyratum, exerting activities of anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-microbial, anti-allergy, and antioxidation in vivo or in vitro. As a result, S. lyratum has been frequently prescribed for the abovementioned therapeutic purposes, and there are substantial traditional and modern shreds of evidence of its use.

Key words: Solanum lyratum Thunb., Steroidal saponins, Steroidal alkaloids, Anti-cancer, Toxicity

摘要： Solanum lyratum is one of the temperate plants, broadly distributed in Korea, China, Japan, India, and South-East Asia and well-documented in those oriental ethnic medicine systems for curing cancers, jaundice, edema, gonorrhea, cholecystitis, phlogosis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. This review systematically summarized the research progress on S. lyratum respecting the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology to increase people’s in-depth understanding of this plant, by data retrieval in a series of online or off-line electronic databases as far as we can reach. Steroidal saponins and alkaloids, terpenoids, nitrogenous compounds, and flavonoid compounds are the main chemical constituents in S.lyratum. Among them, steroidal alkaloids and saponins are the major active ingredients ever found in S. lyratum, exerting activities of anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-microbial, anti-allergy, and antioxidation in vivo or in vitro. As a result, S. lyratum has been frequently prescribed for the abovementioned therapeutic purposes, and there are substantial traditional and modern shreds of evidence of its use.

关键词: Solanum lyratum Thunb., Steroidal saponins, Steroidal alkaloids, Anti-cancer, Toxicity

Yue Zhao, Wen-Ke Gao, Xiang-Dong Wang, Li-Hua Zhang, Hai-Yang Yu, Hong-Hua Wu. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Solanum lyratum: a review[J]. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 2022, 12(6): 39-39.

Yue Zhao, Wen-Ke Gao, Xiang-Dong Wang, Li-Hua Zhang, Hai-Yang Yu, Hong-Hua Wu. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Solanum lyratum: a review[J]. 应用天然产物, 2022, 12(6): 39-39.

References

1. Yao F, Song QL, Zhang L, Li GS, Dai SJ. Three new cytotoxic sesquiterpenoids from Solanum lyratum. Phytochem Lett. 2013;6:453–6.
2. Kang B, Lee E, Hong I, Lee J, Kim H. Abolition of anaphylactic shock by Solanum lyratum Thunb. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1997;19:729–34.
3. Ren J, Feng G, Wang M, Sun L. The primary study on the anti-tumor effect of total saponin of Solanum lyratum Thunb. Cancer Res Prevent Treat. 2006;33:262–4.
4. Shoji Y, Murakami N, Yamasaki M. A furostanol glucuronide from Solanum lyratum. Phytochemistry. 1985;24:2748–50.
5. Chen FF, Zhang YW, Huang XF. Steroidal saponins and their pharmacological activities in Solanum plants. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2016;41:976–88.
6. Bártová V, Bárta J, Jarošová M. Antifungal and antimicrobial proteins and peptides of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019;103:5533–47.
7. Kaunda JS, Zhang YJ. The genus solanum: an ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and biological properties review. Nat Prod Bioprospect. 2019;9:77–137.
8. Elizalde-Romero CA, Montoya-Inzunza LA, Contreras-Angulo LA, Heredia JB, Gutiérrez-Grijalva EP. Solanum fruits: phytochemicals, bioaccessibility and bioavailability, and their relationship with their healthpromoting effects. Front Nutr. 2021;8: 790582.
9. Su J. Xinxiu Bencao. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers;1957. p. 174.
10. Tang SW, Shang ZJ. Zhenglei Bencao. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House; 1991. p. 176.
11. Wu P, Sun XY, Sun FY. Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Scientific and technical documentation press; 1996. p. 20.
12. Du X. Study on the material basis mechanism and preclinical safety of total alkaloids from Solanum lyratum against NSCLC, Doctoral thesis. China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. 2020.
13. Jiang XW, Wu QN. Comparison and identification of Solanum lyratum Thunb and Aristolochia mollissima Hance. J Jiangxi Univ Tradit Chin Med. 2006;18:35–6.
14. Chen XM, Chen QH. Solanum lyratum and its mixed varieties. Zhong Yao Cai. 2005;28:462–3.
15. Liu XB, Wu J. Study on pharmacognostic identification of Solanum lyratum. J Sci Teachers’ Univ. 2021;41:72–6.
16. Knapp S. A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae). PhytoKeys. 2013;22:1–432.
17. Editorial Board of Flora of China. Flora of China. Beijing: China Science Publishing; 1978. p. 86–7.
18. Ming HY, Wang E, Ma XP. Study on the ethnic medicine Solanum lyratum Thunb. and patent literature analysis. Asia-Pacific Tradit Med. 2017;13:59–61.
19. Xiao ZM, Wang AM, Wang XY, Shen SR. A study on the inhibitory effect of Solanum lyratum Thunb extract on Lewis lung carcinoma lines. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2013;10:444–8.
20. Li SS, Hou ZL, Yao GD, Guo R, Wang YX, Lin B, Huang XX, Song SJ. Lignans and neolignans with isovaleroyloxy moiety from Solanum lyratum Thunb.: chiral resolution, configurational assignment and neuroprotective effects. Phytochemistry. 2020;178:112461.
21. Chen H, Du K, Sun Y, Hao Z, Zhang Y, Bai J, Wang Q, Hu H, Feng W, Solanrubiellin A. a hydroanthraquinone dimer with antibacterial and cytotoxic activity from Solanum lyratum. Nat Prod Res. 2020;34:3176–81.
22. Xu YL, Lv J, Wang WF, Liu Y, Xu YJ, Xu TH. New steroidal alkaloid and furostanol glycosides isolated from Solanum lyratum with cytotoxicity. Chin J Nat Med. 2018;16:499–504.
23. Shoji Y, Mitsuyuki M, Murakami N. Two new steroidal glucuronides from Solanum lyratum, II1. Planta med. 1986;6:496–8.
24. Lee Y, Hsu FL, Nohara T. Two new soladulcidine glycosides from Solanum lyratum. Chem Pharm Bull. 1997;45:1381–2.
25. Zhang DW, Yang Y, Yao F, Yu QY, Dai SJ. Solalyratins A and B, new antiinflammatory metabolites from Solanum lyratum. J Nat Med-Tokyo. 2012;66:362–6.
26. Li SS, Liu QB, Zhang YY, Shi SC, Guo R, Yao GD, Lin B, Huang XX, Song SJ. Oxylipin vanillyl acetals from Solanum lyratum. Fitoterapia. 2020;143: 104559.
27. Lee JH, Lee YH, Lee HJ, Lee HJ, Lee EO, Ahn KS, Shim BS, Bae H, Choi SH, Ahn KS, Baek NI, Kim DK, Kim SH. Caspase and mitogen activated protein kinase pathways are involved in Solanum lyratum herba induced apoptosis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;123:121–7.
28. Ikeda T, Tsumagari H, Honbu T, Nohara T. Cytotoxic activity of steroidal glycosides from Solanum plants. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003;26:1198–201.
29. Yang JS, Wu CC, Kuo CL, Lan YH, Yeh CC, Yu CC, Lien JC, Hsu YM, Kuo WW, Wood WG, Tsuzuki M, Chung JG. Solanum lyratum extracts induceextrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis in WEHI-3 murine leukemia cells and inhibit allograft tumor. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012: 254960.
30. Lee MH, Cheng JJ, Lin CY, Chen YJ, Lu MK. Precursor-feeding strategy for the production of solanine, solanidine and solasodine by a cell culture of Solanum lyratum. Process Biochem. 2007;42:899–903.
31. Guo XH, Weng LJ, Yi LT, Geng D. Toxicological safety evaluation in acute and 21-day studies of ethanol extract from Solanum lyratum Thunb. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022;31:8518324.
32. Xu YL, Xu YJ, Shi HX, Liu Y, Xu TH. Lignanoids from Solanum lyratum. J Chin Pharm Sci. 2018;27:289–94.
33. Han L, Wang JN, Sun CX, Cao XQ, Du X. Anti-angiogenic activities of glycoalkaloids isolated from Solanum lyratum in tumor-derived vascular endothelial cells. Phytochem Lett. 2019;29:212–9.
34. Zhao DK, Zhao Y, Chen SY, Kennelly EJ. Solanum steroidal glycoalkaloids: structural diversity, biological activities, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep. 2021;38:1423–44.
35. Zang YL. Study on antitumor active components of Solanum lyratum Thunb, Master’s thesis. China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. 2008.
36. Yang YD. Studies on the chemical constitutents and bioactivities of three plants, Doctoral thesis. Huazhong University of Science and Technology. 2014.
37. Jia YR, Tian XL, Liu K, Chen C, Wang XL, Zhang CC, Sun LX. Simultaneous determination of four alkaloids in Solanum lyratum Thunb by UPLC-MS/ MS method. Pharmazie. 2012;67:111–5.
38. Ye WC, Wang H, Zhao SX, Che CT. Steroidal glycoside and glycoalkaloid from Solanum lyratum. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2001;29:421–3.
39. Wu T, Du X, Wang JN, Liu LY, Yang YK. Two new glycoalkaloids from Solanum lyratum Thunb. J Chin Pharm Sci. 2021;30:518–23.
40. Yin HL. Study on the active constituents from Solanum indicum and Solanum lyratum for ANTI-HSN1 influenza virus, Doctoral thesis. Beijing University of Technology. 2013.
41. MurakamI K, Ezima H, Takaishi Y, Takeda Y, Fujita T, Sato A, Tomimatsu T. Studies on the constituents of Solanum plants. V. The constituents of S. lyratum Thunb II. Chem Pharm Bull. 1985;33:67–73.
42. Qi W. Study on chemical constituents and pharmacokinetics of antitumor traditional Chinese medicine Solanum lyratum, master’s thesis. Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. 2009.
43. Du X, Wang JN, Sun J, Wu T, Cao XQ, Liu LY, Yang YK. Steroidal glycoalkaloids from Solanum lyratum inhibit the pro-angiogenic activity of A549-derived exosomes. Fitoterapia. 2020;141: 104481.
44. Sun LX, Li F, Wang C, Li W, Wang M, Bi K. Isolation and identification of chemical constituents of Solanum lyratum Thunb. J Shenyang Pharm Univ. 2008;25:36–46.
45. Simonet AM, Durán AG, Pérez AJ, Macías FA. Features in the NMR spectra of the aglycones of Agave spp. saponins. HMBC method for aglycone identification (HMAI). Phytochem Anal. 2021;32:38–61.
46. MurakamI K, Saijo R, Nohara T, Tomimatsu T. Studies on the constituents of Solanum plants. L. on the constituents of the stem parts of Solanum lyratum Thunb. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1981;101:275–9.
47. Xu YL. Study on chemical constituents of Solanum lyratum Thunb and its antitumor activity, Doctoral thesis. Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. 2019.
48. Kang SY, Sung SH, Park JH, Cho JH, Kim YC. A phenolic glucoside and steroidal sapogenins of Solanum lyratum. Yakhak Hoeji. 2000;44:534–8.
49. Hirai Y, Konishi T, Sanada S, Ida Y, Hoji J. Studies on the constituents of Aspidistra elatior Blume. I. on the steroids of the underground part. Chem Pharm Bull. 1982;30:3476–84.
50. Yang L, Feng F, Gao Y. Chemical constituents from herb of Solanum lyratum. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2009;34:1805–8.
51. Sun LX, Fu WW, Ren J, Xu L, Bi KS, Wang MW. Cytotoxic constituents from Solanum lyratum. Arch Pharm Res. 2006;29:135–9.
52. Yu SM, Kim HJ, Woo E, Park H. Some Sesquiterpenoids and 5α,8α- epidioxysterols from Solanum lyratum. Arch Pharm Res. 1994;17:1–4.
53. Wang Y, Kazuhir O, Roji K, Kazuo Y. Steroidal saponins from fruits of Tribulus Terrestis. Phytochemistry. 1996;42:1417–22.
54. Agrawal PK. Assigning stereodiversity of the 27-Me group of furostane-type steroidal saponins via NMR chemical shifts. Steroids. 2005;70:715–24.
55. Agrawal PK. Dependence of 1H NMR chemical shifts of geminal protons of glycosyloxy methylene (H2–26) on the orientation of the 27-methyl group of furostane-type steroidal saponins. Magn Reson Chem. 2004;42:990–3.
56. Yue XD, Yao F, Zhang L, Li GS, Dai SJ. Sesquiterpenoids from Solanum lyratum. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2014;39:453–6.
57. Nie XP, Zhang L, Yao F, Xiao K, Dai SJ. Study on sesquiterpenes from Solanum septemlobum. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2015;40:1514–7.
58. Ren Y, Shen L, Zhang DW, Dai SJ. Two new sesquiterpenoids from Solanum lyratum with cytotoxic activities. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2009;57:408–10.
59. Nie XP, Yao F, Yue XD, Li GS, Dai SJ. New eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid from Solanum lyratum with cytotoxic activity. Nat Prod Res. 2014;28:64–5.
60. Yao F, Song QL, Zhang L, Li GS, Dai SJ. Solajiangxins A-C, three new cytotoxic sesquiterpenoids from Solanum lyratum. Fitoterapia. 2013;89:200–4.
61. Li GT, Yao F, Zhang L, Yue XD, Dai SJ. Two new cytotoxic sesquiterpenoids from Solanum lyratum. Chinese Chem Lett. 2013;4:1030–2.
62. Li SS, Cheng ZY, Zhang YY, Guo R, Wang XB, Huang XX, Li LZ, Song SJ. Sesquiterpenoids from the herbs of Solanum lyratum and their cytotoxicity on human hepatoma cells. Fitoterapia. 2019;139: 104411.
63. Shang SZ, Zhao W, Tang JG, Pu JX, Zhu DL, Yang L, Sun HD, Yang GY, Chen YK. 14-Noreudesmane sesquiterpenes from leaves of Nicotiana tabacum and their antiviral activity. Phytochem Lett. 2016;17:173–6.
64. Li GS, Yao F, Zhang L, Yue XD, Dai SJ. New sesquiterpenoid derivatives from Solanum lyratum and their cytotoxicities. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2014;16:129–34.
65. Sun LX, Qi W, Yang HY, Jia YR, Tong LJ. Nitrogen-containing compounds from Solanum lyratum Thunb. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2011;39:203–4.
66. Wang XW, Zhao Y, Dong XQ, Wu XL, Yu HY, Zhang LH, Han LF, Zhang Y, Wang T, Wu HH. Amides and lignans from Solanum lyratum. Phytochem Lett. 2021;45:25–9.
67. Yang JZ, Guo GM, Zhou LX, Ning D. Study on the chemical constituents of Solanum lyratum. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002;27:46–7.
68. Li RL. Extraction, isolation and structural identification of chemical constituents of Solanum lyratum Thunb, Master’s thesis. Zhengzhou University. 2006.
69. Yin HL, Li JL, Dong JX. Chemical constituents from Solanum lyratum Thunb. Military Med Sci. 2010;34:65–7.
70. Ji H, Hou LH, Yuan M. Chemical Constituents Having Antioxidant Activities of Solanum lyratum. Chem Nat Compd+. 2014;50:179–80.
71. Zhang DW, Li GH, Yu QY, Dai SJ. Studies on flavonoids and amides from herbs of Solanum lyratum. China J Chin Mat med. 2009;34:721–3.
72. Wang LJ. Study on chemical constituents of Chinese herbal medicine for anti-cancer and anti-malarial, Maeter’s thesis. ZhengZhou University. 2004.
73. Zhang DW, Li GH, Yu QY, Dai SJ. New anti-inflammatory 4-hydroxyisoflavans from Solanum lyratum. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2010;58:840–2.
74. Kim SP, Nam SH, Friedman M. The tomato glycoalkaloid α-tomatine induces caspase-independent cell death in mouse colon cancer CT-26 cells and transplanted tumors in mice. J Agr Food Chem. 2015;63:1142–50.
75. Han L, Wang JN, Cao XQ, Sun CX, Du X. An-te-xiao capsule inhibits tumor growth in non-small cell lung cancer by targeting angiogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;108:941–51.
76. Xiao ZM, Wang AM, Wang XY, Shen SR. A study on the inhibitory effect of Solanum lyratum thumb extract on lewis lung carcinoma lines. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2014;10:444–8.
77. Guan Y, Zhao H, Yan X, Meng J, Wang WL. Study on anti-tumor effect of Solanum lyratum Thunb. extract in S180 tumor-bearing mice. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2013;10:345–51.
78. Yang JS, Wu CC, Kuo CL, Yeh CC, Chueh FS, Hsu CK, Wang CK, Chang CY, Ip SW, Hsu YM, Kuo WW, Chung JG. Solannm lyratum extract affected immune response in normal and leukemia murine animal in vivo. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2010;29:359–67.
79. Mo XQ, Wei HY, Huang GR, Xu LY, Chen YL, Qi J, Xian W, Qin YC, Wei LD, Zhao LJ, Huang YQ, Xing W, Pu HQ, Wei PY, Li CG, Liang QC. Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells induced by ethanol extracts of Solanum lyratum Thumb through the mitochondrial pathway. World J Gastroentero. 2017;23:1010–7.
80. Wu T, Wang J, Du X. Effect of the effective parts of total steroidal alkaloids from Solanum lyratum on tumor inhibition in vivo and immune regulation in vitro. Cent South Pham. 2020;18:1786–90.
81. Sun XF, Hu SL, Zhou F, Wang Y. Effect of total alkaloids from Solanum lyratum Thunb. combined with cisplatin on tumor growth in mice with Lewis lung cancer. Chin J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;35:1781–3.
82. Wei X, Li CG, Li T, Nong S, Yan WJ. Solanum lyratum Thunberg alkaloid induces human lung adenoearcinoma A549 cells apoptosis by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway. Zhong Yao Cai. 2013;36:787–90.
83. Fekry MI, Ezzat SM, Salama MM, Alshehri OY, Al-Abd AM. Bioactive glycoalkaloides isolated from Solanum melongena fruit peels with potential anticancer properties against hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Sci Rep-UK. 2019;9:1–11.
84. Cao W, Zhou XQ. Protective effect of notoginsenoside and tanshinone IIA on inflammation-related colorectal cancer mice and the inhibition effect on COX-2 expression. Digit Chin Med. 2021;4:54–63.
85. Lin SH, Yi Y, Yu NC. Anti-inflammatory activity of total alkaloids from Solanum lyratum. China Pharm. 2016;19:1263–6.
86. Zhou XX. Studies on the separation of chemical constituents of Solanum lyratum Thunb. and the interaction of pharmacodynamics, Master’s thesis. Huazhong Agricultural University. 2020.
87. Taveira M, Sousa C, Valentão P, Ferreres F, Teixeira JP, Andrade PB. Neuroprotective effect of steroidal alkaloids on glutamate-induced toxicity by preserving mitochondrial membrane potential and reducing oxidative stress. J Steroid Biochem. 2014;140:106–15.
88. Kuo WW, Huang CY, Chung JG, Yang SF, Tsai KL, Chiu TH, Lee SD, Ou HC. Crude extracts of Solanum lyratum protect endothelial cells against oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced injury by direct antioxidant action. J Vasc Surg. 2009;50:849–60.
89. Chen CJ, Huang KY, Sun CL. Study on DPPH free radicals caventinct activity of Solanum lyratum Thunb fruit extractives. Food Res Dev. 2006;27:45–8.
90. Yang HL, Sun ZL, Ding R, Cao G. Extraction and in vitro antibacterial test of polysaccharide from Solanum lyratum Thunb. J Tradit Chin Veterinary Med. 2005;4:24–5.
91. Yang JH, Choi CU, Kim DK, Lee KR, Zee OP. Effect of Solanum lyratum extract on the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride in rats. Saengyak Hakhoe Chi. 1996;27:167–72.
92. Li GT. Protective effect of Solanum lyratum Thunb ethanol extract for carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury. Chin Pract Med. 2015;10:8–9.
93. Kim HM, Lee EJ. Solanum lyratum inhibits anaphylactic reaction and suppresses the expression of L-histidine decarboxylase mRNA. Immunopharm Immunot. 1998;20:135–46.
94. Kang B, Lee E, Hong I, Lee J, Kim H. Abolition of anaphylactic shock by Solanum lyratum Thunb. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1998;19:729–34.
95. Cai SX. Studies on extraction, purification, determination and molluscicidal effect of glycosidal steroid alkaloids in Solanum lyratum Thunb, Master’s thesis. Hunan Agricultural University. 2005.
96. Yin LH, Zhang J, Pan XY, Zhao FD, Liu QM. Effect of Baiyingtang on inflammatory cytokines in patients with acute radiolectitis. Jiangxi Med J. 2020;55:1781–3.
97. Liu YS, Xin XB. Efficacy of the Baiying decoction plus chemotherapy on NSCLC. Clin J Chin Med. 2018;10:27–9.
98. Han L, Zhuo Y, Sun CX, Wang JN. Inhibitory effect of lung cancer cells total alkaloids from Solanum lyratum Thunb. on the growth of transplanted Lewis in mice. Trad Chin Drug Res Clin Pharm. 2015;26:573–6.
99. Fu HW. SLT screening of anticancer active site and researching of lung cancer A549 cell proliferation inhibition mechanism, Master’s thesis. Nanchang University. 2008.
100. Tu S, Wei X, Zhao XM, Yu LH, Wan FS. The influence of Solanum lyratum Thunb extract on apoptosis and the expression of Fas/Fasl, genes in human lung cancer A549 cells. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res. 2008;19:603–5.
101. Han L, Sun CX, Wang JN. Effect of total alkaloids from Solanum lyratum on regulating apoptosis and cell cycle of A549 cells through VEGFrelated pathway. Trad Chin Drug Res Clin Pharm. 2016;27:509–13.
102. Tu S, Wan FS, Wei X, Nong S, Zhu JF, Liu ZQ. Solanum lyratum Thunberg alkaloid induces human lung adenoearcinoma A549 cells apoptosis by activating FAS-pathway. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res. 2013;24:66–8.
103. Wang MF, Yu LH, Wan HF, Tu SS. Influence of extracts of Solanum lyratum thunb on apoptosis and Bcl-xl/Bid expression in human lung cancer SPC-A-1 cells. J Nanchang Univ Med Sci. 2013;51:8–12.
104. Wei X, Tu S, Zhao XS, Wan FM, Yu LH. Experimental study on apoptosis induced by ethanol extracts of Solanum lyratum Thunb in human lung cancer SPC-A-1 cells. China Pharm. 2008;19:256–8.
105. Huo Y, Wang M, Wang XB, Han ZF, Dong X. Effects of Solanum lyratum thunberg alkaloid on the expression of p38 MAPK and Caspase-3 in hepatoma Huh-7cells. Global Tradit Chin Med. 2018;11:987–90.
106. Liu SH, Shen XH, Wei XF, Mao XH, Huang T. Immunomodulatory activity of butanol extract from Solanum lyratum in tumor-bearing mice. Immunopharm Immunot. 2010;33:100–6.
107. Wang WF, Liu Y, Wu GM, Yang T, Zhang D, Xu YJ. Screening the antitumor active components of the Solanum lyratum Thunb. extract. J Changchun Univ Tradit Chin Med. 2018;34:8883–6.
108. Liu HR, Peng XD, He HB, Wang YH, Li Y, He GX, Liu YL, Li YL, Zeng CJ. Antiproliferative activity of the total saponin of Solanum lyratum Thunb in Hela cells by inducing apoptosis. Pharmazie. 2008;63:836–42.
109. Liu SH, Mao XH, Wei XF. High-efficiency inhibitory effect of steroid saponin on HeLa cells proliferation and its mechanism. Shandong J Tradit Chin Med. 2009;28:724–6.
110. Zhang C, Li ZM, Wang JL, Jiang XT, Xia MF, Wang J, Lu SY, Li SY, Wang HM. Ethanol extracts of Solanum lyratum Thunb regulate ovarian cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the ROS-mediated p53 Pathway. J Immunol Res. 2021;2021:5569354.
111. Huang HS, Wei X, Huang YQ, Wei LD. Effects of Solanun lyratum Thunb extracts on growth of HO8910 of ovarian cancer cells. J Mod Oncol. 2011;19:1279–81.
112. Yan J, Luo J, He KY, Pan R, Hu Q, Peng B, Liu X. Apoptosis induced by Solanum lyratum on ovarian carcinoma cell SKOV3. Moder Tradi Chin Med Mat Med-World Sci Tech. 2008;2008:60–3.
113. Cao JY, Tan XL. The damage effect of Chinese herb medicine Baimaoteng (Solanum lyratum) on G2-PC Chromosome in CHO cells. Chin J Mod Appl Pharm. 1988;5:1–3.
114. Yang XD, Zhang J, Zhao RJ. Effect of total glycosides of Solamum lyratum survivin and bax in MCF-7 human breast on expression of cancer cells. Chin J New Drags. 2011;20:1123–6.
115. Chiu CH, Chou YC, Lin JP, Kuo CL, Lu HF, Huang YP, Yu CC, Lin ML, Chung JG. Chloroform extract of Solanum lyratum induced G0/G1 arrest via p21/p16 and induced apoptosis via reactive oxygen species, caspases and mitochondrial pathways in human oral cancer cell lines. Am J Chinese Med. 2015;43:1453–69.
116. Lv J. Study on chemical constituents of Solanum lyratum Thunb, Master’s thesis. Changchun University of Chinese Medicine. 2009.
117. Wan FS, Wu J, Li H, Tu S, Yu LH. Study on apoptosis of human stomach SGC-7901 cells induced by extracts of Solanum lyratum. Zhong Yao Cai. 2009;32:245–9.
118. Wan CX. Study on apoptosis inducing effect of Solanuml lyratum water extract and its rnechanisrn on human colorectal cancer HT29 cells, Master’s thesis. Nanchang Uiversity. 2011.
119. Yue XD, Qu GW, Li BF, Xue CH, Li GS, Dai SJ. Two new C13-norisoprenoids from Solanum lyratum. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2012;14:486–90.
120. Shi WR, Liu Y. Effects of Solanum lyratum Thunb on multiplication in human acute promyelocytic HL-60 Cells. J Fujian Univ Tradit Chin Med. 2002;12:36–9.
121. Pan B, Zhong WF, Deng ZH, Lai CY, Chu JY, Jiao GL, Liu JF, Zhou QZ. Inhibition of prostate cancer growth by solanine requires the suppression of cell cycle proteins and the activation of ROS/P38 signaling pathway. Cancer Med. 2016;5:3214–22.
122. Lin YT, Huang AC, Kuo CL, Yang JS, Lan YH, Yu CC, Huang WW, Chung JG. Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells by Solanum lyratum extracts. Nutr Cancer. 2013;65:469–79.
123. Huo Y, Wang C, Wang M, Wang XB, Han ZF, Dong X. Study on the mechanisms of Solanum lyratum thunberg alkaloid against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in human neuroma metrocyte cell line SH-SYSY cells. Chin Med. 2018;13:1738–41.
124. Fei YM, Gong CG. Experimental study of anti-inflamatory and analgesic effects of extracts of Solanum lyratum Thunb. J Pharm Pract. 2009;27:111–4.
125. Li ZW, Zhou BL, Liu X, Zhang P. The progress of researching into physiological and ecological activities of glycoalkaloid in Solanaceae. Acta Agric Shanghai. 2011;27:129–34.
126. Al Sinani SSS, Eltayeb EA. The steroidal glycoalkaloids solamargine and solasonine in Solanum plants. S Afr J Bot. 2017;112:253–69.
127. Arkhypova VN, Dzyadevych SV, Soldatkin AP, El’Skaya AV, Martelet C, Jaffrezic-Renault N. Development and optimisation of biosensors based on pH-sensitive field effect transistors and cholinesterases for sensitive detection of solanaceous glycoalkaloids. Biosens Bioelectron. 2003;18:1047–53.