In the present paper, two species of the genus Pilea(Urticaceae) are described as new, two new combinations for the two subspecies of Pilea gracilis are made, supplementary descriptions for P.shizongensis and P.racemiformis are given, and new distribution records for P.shizongensis, P.lomatogramma, P.racemiformis and P.peltata var. ovatifolia are provided.

In order to study the effect of different processing methods on Polygonatum odoratum, the yield and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides, ethanol extracts, crude total flavonoids and water extracts were determined and compared. The results showed that the yield of polysaccharides, ethanol extracts of alcohol-steam P.odoratum and crude total flavonoids, water extracts of honey-steam P.odoratum were the higher than un-processed one, which were improved by 43.86%, 29.53%, 49.46% and 34.66%, respectively. The polysaccharides and water extracts of alcohol-steam P.odoratum exhibited the best DPPH scavenging activity at the same concentration than other samples with the IC₅₀/DPPH=0.345±0.019 and 0.441±0.022 mg·mL^-1, respectively. The crude total flavonoids and ethanol extracts of honey-steam P.odoratum exhibited the best DPPH scavenging activity at the same concentration than other samples with the IC₅₀/DPPH=0.047±0.011 and 0.199±0.036 mg·mL^-1, respectively. The DPPH scavenging activity of crude total flavonoids of honey-steam P.odoratum was higher (90.29%) than other extracts at the concentration of 1 mg·mL^-1, which was higher than the rutin and quercetin at the concentration of 0.05 mg·mL^-1. Both processing methods improved the total reductive ability of polysaccharides, crude total flavonoids and water extracts, while reduced the total reductive ability of ethanol extracts.

In order to study the flowering characteristics and breeding system of Lonicera alberti, we observed flower characteristics, floral dynamic and pollination insects in the field during the flowering period. We tested the pollen viability by TTC staining, MTT staining, benzidine α-naphthol staining and carmine acetate dyeing, and estimated its stigma receptivity by benzidine-hydrogen peroxide and diphenyl tetrazolium bromide staining methods. We studied the breeding system of L.alberti by the pollen-ovule ratio(P/O), the out-crossing index(OCI), and artificial pollination methods. There are two kinds of L.alberti flowers opening:corolla lobes blooming one by one and corolla lobes simultaneous blooming. The pollen viability reached the maximum at 6 hours after anthers shedding, and stigma receptivity was increased after bloom; Apis mellifera played an important role in the process of pollination. P/O was 583.43±99.90 and the outcrossing index was 4. By artificial pollination testing, cross-pollination rate was 79.17%, and the self-fertility rate was 9.52%. The research suggested that the breeding system of L.alberti belonged to mixed mating system and cross pollination requires pollinators.

A species of the genus Laportea(Urticaceae), L.jinganensis, and a species of the genus Debregeasia(also Urticaceae), D.hekouensis, are described as new from Jiangxi Province and Yunnan Province respectively. The diagnostic differences between L.jinganensis and its Chinese congeners and between D.hekouensis and its ally, D.longifolia, are given respectively.

A novel GR genewas isolated from Caragana korshinskii Kom. by RACE. The full-length cDNA of GR was 2122 bp, containing a 5'-UTR of 57 bp, a 3'-UTR of 415 bp, and a 1650 bp opening reading frame(ORF). The deduced protein was 550 amino acids with molecular weight 59.2 kDa and isoelectric point 8.2, named CkGR. This CkGR showed high identities with the Cicer arietinum CaGR(90.6%). The promoter of CkGR gene was isolated by chromosomal walking and 648 bp sequence was obtained by sequencing. Plant CARE analysis of this sequence showed that the peomoter contained some typical elements CAAT-box and TATA-boxand kinds of Cis-acting elements involved in defense and stress responsiveness. RT-PCR analysis revealed that CkGR was expressed in roofs, stems, and leaves with almost no tissue specificity. The transcript level of CkGR was increased in response to cold, high salt and drought stress. CkGR played an important role during cold, high salt and drought stress in Caragana korshinskii Kom..

Ulota germana(Mont.) Mitt., formly as U.rufula(Mitt.) A.Jaeger, was recorded from only Marlborough District of South Island in New Zealand and it has not been refound for more than 60 years. A new locality is added here: Nelson, Denniston, near parking area at top of Denniston Incline. The plants from New Zealand agree well with those from South America except some variation in the size of leaves, perichaetial leaves and spores. This new specimen is well described, especially the opercula and calyptra not seen in previous works, the distribution is mapped and its distinction from other close species is discussed here. Ulota luteola(Hook.f. & Wilson) Wijk & Margad., formly as U.pygmaeothecia(Müll. Hal.) Kindb. is excluded from the moss flora of New Zealand.

The seed morphology of 42 taxa(40 species and 2 varieties) in 5 genera(Berberis, Mahonia, Caulophyllum, Dysosma and Diphylleia) of Berberidaceae from China was studied by stereoscope and scanning electron microscope. The study seeds were tawny, reddish brown to black, and diverse in shape. Ornamentation of seed coat was ascribed into four types as reticular(including 7 subtypes), reticular-scalariform, scalariform and ruminate. Seeds of Caulophyllum robustum were sphere and the hilum located on the side of seed near middle, which could be the typical characters distinguished from the other 4 genera. According to the micromorphology of seed coat, systematic and phylogenetic implications of seed coat morphology in Berberidaceae were discussed, and the possible evolutionary route of seed coat ornamentation was conjectured. Seed morphology supported the sister relationship between Berberis and Mahonia, and Dysosma was more original than Diphylleia. Seed morphology of the genus Berberis did not support Ahrendt's treatment of some sections and subsections.

In 2011, Elatostema glochidioides W. T. Wang, a species endemic to southern China, was reduced into the synonymy of E.ramosissimum Reinecke, a species endemic to Savaii Island of Oceania. Two species have rather similar habit, but there are important morphological differences. In E.glochidioides, the leaves are adaxially strigose, abaxially glabrous, and trinerved; the pistillate capitula have conspicuous receptacles; the pistillate flower lacks tepals; and the achenes are longitudinally ribbed. In E.ramosissimum, the leaves are adaxially glabrous, abaxially on midrib strigose, and semi-triplinerved; the receptacles of pistillate capitula are very small, inconspicuous; the pistillate flower has 3(-4) tepals; and the achenes are minutely tuberculate. On the basis of the morphological differences just mentioned the specific status of E.glochidioides is restored here.

Seven species of the genus Delphinium (Ranunculaceae), D.longziense, D.xanthanthum, D.viridiovarium, D.dicentrum, D.zhanangense, D.latilimbum and D.lagarolobum are described as new from south-eastern Xizang Autonomous Region. The diagnostic differences between them and their allies are given respectively.

Anatomical structure of the leaf of ten species of Bryum Dill from No.1 glacier of Tianshan Mountains was observed to explore the relationship between leaf morphological characteristics and environment and its taxonomic significance. The results indicated that:The leaf cells of these 10 species had thick cytoplasm. Middle ribs had large primary cells and well developed small-thick-wall-cells. The cell wall of leaf was thickened and the surface was concaved inwardly while being dried.The leaf surface of most species had particles and different ornamentation, such as rhombic, longitudinal ones etc. These characters were all the adaptabilities to environment for plants to improve cold resistance and drought resistance, to reduce moisture evaporation, and to enhance water conduction. Although some species with similar leaf structures were closely related, but they could be easily and accurately identified by combining paraffin sectioning and SEM technique. The results could provide some theoretical basis for classification of Bryum Dil.

One section and three species of the genus Elatostema (Urticaceae) are described as new from the Simian mountain, Jiangjin district, Chongqing city:(1) Sect. Gynosciadion with one species, Elatostema femineocymosum, is chracterized by its numerous pistillate flowers in a 3-4 times branched cyme, lacking a receptacle with an involucre, and by these charactes can be distinguished from all other sctions of the genus Elatostema; (2) E.gyronanophyllum is closely related to E.sinense H. Schröter, differing from the latter in its smaller leaves with fewer secondary nerves, orbicular or suborbicular reduced leaves, pistillate involucre with 12 triangular bracts, pistillate flower with 2 tepals, and the depressed-globose stigma; (3) E.zhengyuanum is closely related to E.simianshanicum W.T.Wang, differing from the latter in its glabrous, sometimes vegetative stems, larger leaf blades, cystoliths and stipules, and oblanceolate-oblong bracts of staminate involucre not carinate abaxially.

Growth performance, biomass accumulation and distribution, photosynthetic characteristics, non structural carbon (NSC) accumulation of one-year-old seedlings of Physocarpus amurensis was studied under four kinds of nitrogen fertilization treatment by pot experiment. The results showed that nitrogen fertilization promoted the growth of basal diameter, branch number, and crown width of seedlings. The nitrogen fertilization increased the biomass of stem, leaf and plant (P<0.05) and biomass allocation ratio of stem, and decreased biomass allocation ratio of root. The nitrogen fertilization significant increased net photosynthetic rate, leaf nitrogen content, soluble sugar and NSC in stem (P<0.05), and significant decreased soluble sugar and NSC content in root (P<0.05). However, there were no significant different in most of the parameters among nitrogen fertilization treatments (N1, N2 and N3), indicating that the seedlings of P.amurensis were not sensitive to the change of soil nutrients.

Subg. Cerasus Koehne of Rosaceae families (Flowering Cherries) has important ornamental value. An in-depth research on the interspecies relationships and their taxonomic status contributes to the development of those cherry species and germplasm resource innovation. in China. The tree species of Subg. Cerasus (including variety) collected from Yunnan, Jiangxi and Fujian were amplified and sequenced, using the atpB-rbcL fragment of noncoding region in chloroplast DNA, and integrated with homologous sequences from four other species committed to database of GenBank. Haplotype of Median-Joining network and the phylogenetic tree were both constructed based on a total of 30 sequence matrix including 7 species, and their relationships and classification status were discussed. (1) There were total 15 polymorphism sites in the 774 valid sites of atpB-rbcL sequence matrix, accounting for 1.94%, and the (A+T) content 70.50%, reflecting an obvious base bias; (2) Total 9 haplotypes were detected by DNASP 5 software, with average Haplotype diversity (H_d=0.880 5±0.026) and average nueleotide diversity (π=0.007 11±0.000 54); Except for Prunus dielsiana (Hap5~Hap7), the remaining species had their own unique haplotype, which indicate abundant genetic diversity; (3) After integrating with the results of MJ network as well as reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree, we speculated that P.pananensis was during the original stage of evolution,moreover, it is closely related to P.schneideriana when compare with P.dielsiana; P.dielsiana var. longistyla was a sister branch to P.dielsiana, also together constituted an independent evolutionary unit. With the above results, we believe that the Chloroplast DNA atpB-rbcL fragment is relatively suitable at intergeneric or interspecific levels, which could be selected as DNA bar code in priority. Molecular evidence combined with morphological features support the viewpoint that regarding P.dielsiana var. longistyla as a varity of P.dielsiana, while the taxonomic status of P.pananensis calls for more evidence.

A species of the genus Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae), Ranunculus lujiangensis, is described as new from Anhui Province. This new species is closely related to R.huainingensis W.T.Wang, Z.Yang & J.Xie, differing from R.huainingensis in its entire or inconspicuously crenulate lobes of leaves or leaflets, broadly cymbiflorm elliptic, not nervate and on margin 3-4-piliferous sepals, and broadly ovate ovaries. In R.huainingensis, the lobes of leaves or leaflets are 1-3-denticulate on margin, the sepals are narrowly elliptic, longitudinally 3-nerved and glabrous, and the ovaries are lanceolate in shape.

The micromorphology of the leaf epidermis for 35 species and 2 varieties belonging to Phleum and its related genera of Poaceae were examined by scanning electron microscope. The intercostal long cells on both abaxial and adaxial epidermis of Phleum were long tubular or rhomboid, and the outlines of long cells were straight or curved. The shapes of silica cells in costal zones were nodular. Parallel-sided subsidiary cells were found. Prickles were frequently occurred in costal zones and absent or rarely seen in intercostal zones. No papillaes and micro-hairs were found. Meanwhile, a phylogenetic tree was constructed according to the characters of leaf epidermal micromorphology. Phleum and Poeae clustered together, which indicated that they had the closer relationship and distantly related to Aveneae, Agrostideae and Phalarideae. According to the micromorphology of leaf epidermises. Phleum should place into Poeae.

A Taxodiaceae family is with 10 genera 16 species,including 5 monospecific genera(Metasequoia, Glyptostrobus,Sequoiadendron, Sequoia and Sciadopitys), and 5 oligospecific genera(Cunninghaimia, Tawania, Cryptomeria,Taxodium and Athrotaxis), each accounting for 50%. Taxodiaceae is distributed in north temperate regions, mostly in East Asia and North America, and only a genus Athrotaxisis in Australia Tasmania. Plants and habitat are an interdependent entity. Destruction and alteration of habitatis a serious problem for the distribution of specific genera of Taxodiaceae family. Monospecific genera mostly are relict species(living fossil), but there is only fossil in Europe due to destruction in the quaternary glacial period. Today, there are only 2 monospecific genera of Sequoiadendron and Sequoia due to the volcanoin a small area of California, US.

(1) Boehmeria subgen. Duretia sect. Spicatae is recognized, but relegated to serial rank, and treated as one of the series under Sect. Duretia. (2)In Ser. Spicatae are recognized 6 species, including 1 new species, which are keyed, except the new species briefly described, and illustrated. Besides, the geographical distributions and a distribution map of them are provided. (3)The close relationships among the 6 species are discussed, and several speculations are thought out:In Ser. Spicatae, Boehmeria gracilis is the primitive species, and all other species of this series might originate from it; or B.gracilis and B.densiglomerata might be a pair of sister groups derived from a common ancestry; or B.allophylla might be derived from B.silvestrii.

We used light microscope, scanning electron microscope and histochemical localization techniques to study the relations between secondary vascular tissue and the ecological adaptation of Populus euphratica. P.euphratica has many structural characteristics and tuber member characteristics, which are adapt to ecological environment. The ratio of secondary phloem with developed phloem fiber to secondary xylem is 1/7 in width, and much cells with rich protein distributed in parenchyma. Less vessels in large diameter, with thick wall and multiple-pore distributed in the wood arranged radially, as a result, the tubal complex, mainly multiple-pore, supplemented by tracheid or bundle tracheid, was formed in secondary xylem of P.euphratica’ stem, while the xylem ray remained or evolved into fibrous tracheid. There are mainly pitted vessels in stem, occasionally trapeziform-pitted type, and both type vessels are very short with truncatus and leveled-perforation. The characteristics descripted above can explain the evolution and adaptation of secondary vascular tissue and tuber members of P.euphratica in a specific habitat.

Exotic species have an important play on native species somewhere. Recently some researchers pay more attention to their adaptation and living mechanism. Under this kind of situation, the present authors reconfirmed some exotic legume species, and firstly reported that 158 legume species(including subspecies and varieties) of 73 genera occur in China.

Anthocyanins, responsible for a series of flower color changes from red to blue in most plants, are the principal pigment in flowers with important nutritional and medical usages. At present, the biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins is understood continuously, and many enzymes and genes are obtained. A lot of new transgenic plants with commercial values have been created. In this paper, the current advances in research of key genes in the biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins are briefly reviewed and the progress on the application of these genes in plant genetic engineering is discussed. Prospectives of the study on the anthocyanins genes are elucidated in the end.

Based on examinations of type specimens housed at PE, lectotypes for twenty names of Chinese taxa in Angiospermae are here designated under Article 8.1, 9.9, 9.10 and 37.2, Recommendation 9A.2 and 9A.3 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code), because the types were respectively indicated by reference to a gathering that consists of more than one specimen, or more than one gatherings were simultaneously designated as types, or more than one gatherings were simultaneously designated, without indicating the type in the protologue.

The mitosis of wheat root cells were studied after the root meristem were treated by trifluralin. Chromosome doubling, multipolar, laggards, unequal division, rings and micronuclei were observed. The results revealed that each treatment concentration and time could induce abnormal splitting, and the highest index was 11.05% (100 μmol·L^-1，12 h). The influence of treatment time was more significant than that of concentration. Chromosome doubling was the most in the abnormal cells, and the rate was 6.25%(100 μmol·L^-1，12 h).

The effects of heat and drought on growth and respiration in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) were studied. Heat stress resulted in a growth reduction in cultivar of Jizhao×Jilin, but not in Zhengjiao No.13. Drought, especially drought under heat, significantly inhibited the growth of peppers. Drought also increased the ion leakage from leaves more than heat and heat strengthened the injury of drought to peppers, which was more seirous observed in Jizhao×Jilin than Zhengjia No.13 did. Heat induced increases both in total, cytochrome and alternative pathway respirations, while drought strongly decreased cytochrome respiration, but increased alternative respiration. Cross effect from both drought and heat strongly decreased both total and cytochrome respirations, however, alternative respiration increased significantly at the initial 1d and then decreased sharply. Zhengjiao No.13 showed higher alternative and total respirations than Jizhao×Jilin under heat or/and drought stresses. These results suggest that higher heat or/and drought tolerance of pepper is associated with the capacity to keep high total and alternative respirations under stresses.

Fagopyrum densovillosum J. L. Liu, a new species of the polygonaceae from Luojishanzhen, Puge Country, Sichuan Province, China，is described. F. densovillosum is closely related to F. gracilipes (Hemsl.) Damm. et Diels By its from bottom to top foliate stems and branches, axillary and apical Racemes, ovate-triangular or broadly ovate-triangular achenes, but differs in its densely erect-villose plants, thicker stems and branches, densely nodes, shorter internodes, broadly ovate, cordate, broadly cordate, broadly ovate-cordate, ovate, long ovate, triangular-ovate or ovate-triangular and larger leaves,（0.9-）1.7-6 cm long and （0.7-）1.2-5.1 cm wide, thin rugose and small pustulate on the surface, longer petioles (0.5-)2.6-7.5 cm long, smaller achenes 1.8-2.5 mm long and 1.5-2 mm in diameter.

The physiological character of different leaves color in autumn was studied. Three kinds of leaves colors were selected to measure the pigment content, enzyme activity and inclusion in the leaves. The results showed that it had lower chlorophyll content，higher PAL and POD activities and larger ratio of anthocyanin to chlorophyll in red leaves. The green leaves have higher chlorophyll content，lower PAL and POD activity and lower ratio of anthocyanin to chlorophyll. Through the determination of soluble contents, the content of sugar and protein was relatively high in red leaves. The correlation coefficient between the ratio of anthocyanins to chlorophyll and soluble contents were all reach absolutely significance levels. These indicated that the accumulation of material contents was favorable in the synthesis of anthocyanin.

The TMV-replicase gene was regarded target-directed sequence for RNA interference in this paper. The target sequence was linked to pMD18-T Simple Vector and replicated in E.coli DH 5α. after obtained by RT-PCR reaction. The pMD18-T Simple vector (which contains target sequence) was digested restrictively by double-endonuclease, after purifying the digested product was inserted into pUCCRNAi vector by the counterrepeat way. Then the counterrepeated structure of target sequence was inserted into pC2300-35s-OCS expression vector after enzyme disgested. The recombination plamid was transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens which only contained assistant plasmid in order to construct double-plasmid expression vector. With PCR reaction and restriction endonuclease digestion, the target gene sequence was comfirmed in engineering-bacterium.

The micro-morphology characters of leaf epidermis of 12 species of Iris were examined under light microscope(LM). It is considerd that there are obvious differences in the characters of leaf upper and lower epidermis of I. dichotoma Pall., I. uniflora Pall. and I. typhifolia Kitagawa of themselves, but there are not differences among the other 9 species. The type of stomata of 12 species of Iris is diacytic type, stomata is randomly distributed. Guard cells are parallel to leaf veins where no stomata distribute. There are obvious differences among 12 species of Iris in the micro-morphology characters of leaf epidermis, which will provide bases for Iris classification.

14 species and 2 varieties of mosses from Mt. Qiyun are newly reported to Jiangxi Province. They are Campylopus hemitrichius, Dicranodontium asperulum, D. didymodon, Dicranoloma assimile, D. dicarpum, Fissidens oblongifolius, F. Javanicus, Syrrhopodon prolifer var. tosaensis, Pyrrhobryum latifolium, Macromitrium angustifolium, Distichophyllum collenchymatosum var. pseudosinense, Haplohymenium formosanum, Clastobryum glabresscens, Heterophyllium affine, Wijkia surcularis, Vesicularia montagnei. Three genera, including Dicranoloma, Clastobryum, and Heterophyllum, are new to Jiangxi.

Fargesia fungosa was an important economic bamboo species in the genera Fargeisa.The studies on the morphology and anatomical structure of their organs were lack.In this paper, the morphology and anatomical characteristics of F.fungosa flowers were observed and analyzed. The results showed that the flowers of F.fungosa belong tothemixed inflorescence and the base of spikelets had resting bud, besides several spikelets were wrapped by the "floral bud" was formed of singal leaf. The mean length of spikelets was 3.05±0.390 cm, containing 3-7 small flowers per spikelet. The mean length of florets was 1.85±0.167 cm, with 2 glumes,1 lemma and palea, 3 lodicules, 3 stamens, and 1 pistil. The young anther wall contained epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum from outside to inside. The matureanthers were splited longitudinally for pollen releasing.The mature pollen grainsweretwo- or three-celledand with 1 germination aperture. The ovary was unilocular, superior andand lateral membranous placenta with a anatropous ovule. The stigma of pistils has two feather-liking stigmas. The anther developed abnormally, resulting abortion phenomenonin the majority of anthers.

Characteristics of leaf epidermis of Meconopsis integrifolia were observed under optical microscope, including trichome, stomata and epidermis cell. The relationship between epidermis trichome, stomata, epidermis cell of leaf and altitude was discussed. The trichome density, stomata density and epidermis cell density of both upper and lower leaf epidermis increased gradually as the altitude increased. While the length, width and area of both stomata and epidermis cell decreased. Morphology of epidermis cell changed from irregular to polygonal. The shape of anticlinal wall altered from corrugated to arched or straight. These variation of characteristics probably be a general response of plants which living under plateau environment in a long-term, providing theoretical support for further study on alpine plant adaptation.