Nostoc flagelliforme, a terrestrial cyanobacterium, is distributed in arid and semi-arid steppes of the west and northwest of China. Cyanobacterial NADPH dehydrogenase (NDH-1) is an important photosynthetic membrane protein complex, and is essential to CO₂ uptake, cyclic electron transport around photosystem Ⅰ and cellular respiration. However, little is know about the function roles of NdhK subunit in cyanobacteria. In this study, the ndhK gene was PCR amplified from the N.flagelliforme, and the expression plasmid pET32a-ndhK was generated and transformed into BL21(DE3)pLysS, and the expression of NdhK protein was induced by IPTG. After purification, the fusion protein pET-NdhK was used to immunize Japanese white rabbit to obtain the polyclonal antibody. The titer of the polyclonal antibody was detected and analyzed by Western blotting, the result showed that the polyclonal antibody possessed a high specificity. Therefore, the antibody of NdhK obtained in this study will further help us to reveal the functional roles of cyanobacterial NdhK subunit.

Mature zygotic embryos of Chinese pine were cultured as initial explants to investigate the process of direct organogenesis. Adventitious buds were initiated on DCR and MS medium supplemented with 1~5 mg·L^-1 benzyladenine (BA) with or without 1~10 mg·L^-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The highest induction frequency of adventitious buds (90%) was obtained on DCR medium containing 1 mg·L^-1 BA. Subsequent transfer of buds to plant growth regulator (PGR)-free medium in time was advantageous for elongation of adventitious buds. 1/2DCR medium with 1 mg·L^-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was suitable for adventitious root initiation, on which average rooting frequency was 47.1%. Plantlets were successfully acclimatized in vermiculite and transferred to greenhouse, where they had a survival rate of 86.4% and no morphological abnormalities.

The annual litterfall production, composition and decomposition of the litterfall of six typical stands in Maoershan, Heilongjiang Province were studied in this paper. The results are as follows: (1)the annual litter production is in the sequence of Pinus koraiensis (5.62 t·hm^-2), Fraxinus mandshurica(5.57 t·hm^-2), Pinus sylvestris(5.56 t·hm^-2), Quercus mongolica(4.31 t·hm^-2), Populus davidiana(4.27 t·hm^-2),Larix gmelinii(4.08 t·hm^-2); (2) the fall of leaves of six forests occupies a higher percentage in the annual total litterfall than that of other components; (3)decomposition rates of leaf litter in the six forests obvious: Fraxinus mandshurica > Pinus sylvestris > Larix gmelinii > Populus davidiana > Quercus mongolica > Pinus koraiensis.The simulated time spans needed for 95% weight loss of litter in Fraxinus mandshurica, Quercus mongolica, Populus davidiana, Larix gmelinii, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestris stand were 3.5, 8.0, 6.7, 6.6, 8.8 and 4.4 years, respectively.

Based on examinations of type specimens housed at PE, lectotypes for twenty names of Chinese taxa in Angiospermae are here designated under Article 8.1, 9.9, 9.10 and 37.2, Recommendation 9A.2 and 9A.3 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code), because the types were respectively indicated by reference to a gathering that consists of more than one specimen, or more than one gatherings were simultaneously designated as types, or more than one gatherings were simultaneously designated, without indicating the type in the protologue.

Fagopyrum densovillosum J. L. Liu, a new species of the polygonaceae from Luojishanzhen, Puge Country, Sichuan Province, China，is described. F. densovillosum is closely related to F. gracilipes (Hemsl.) Damm. et Diels By its from bottom to top foliate stems and branches, axillary and apical Racemes, ovate-triangular or broadly ovate-triangular achenes, but differs in its densely erect-villose plants, thicker stems and branches, densely nodes, shorter internodes, broadly ovate, cordate, broadly cordate, broadly ovate-cordate, ovate, long ovate, triangular-ovate or ovate-triangular and larger leaves,（0.9-）1.7-6 cm long and （0.7-）1.2-5.1 cm wide, thin rugose and small pustulate on the surface, longer petioles (0.5-)2.6-7.5 cm long, smaller achenes 1.8-2.5 mm long and 1.5-2 mm in diameter.

Taxus mairei is one of the Tertiary relic species and an endemic to China,being one of the state-protected one-grade rare and endangered plants,and distributed mainly alongside Yangzi River valley,in Nanling Mountains and some mountains in Guangdong,Guangxi,Jiangxi,Henan,Shaanxi,Gansu,Taiwan and Shanxi etc. The eco-environmental characteristics of Taxuus marirei areas are that heat energy is efficiency,climate is warmer and moisture.The endangered reasons for T. marei are involved with:(1)Its quantities of seeds produced from a plant annual is fewer,the germination ratio of the seeds and the survivor ratio of the juvenile are very lower,(2)the population of T. mareis is in competition with the other plants for various resources is disadvantageous,(3)its geographical distribution has some limitations,(4)it needs a relative special habitat, i.e. moisture habitat and warmer climate and (5) the intervention of human activities is severity,including several cutting,gopher utilization and the destroy of habitat for T. mareis. Furthermore,the strategies for the conservation and sustainable utilization of T. mairei are discussed,respectively.

The pollen contamination in a seed orchard is a principal factor influencing the genetical quality of a seed orchard. Genetic losses arise from the influx of ‘wild’ conspecific pollen into seed orchards.In this paper a review was made of the general researches on pollen contamination, contamination level, the extent of its influence and the measures to reduce it in the orchards at home and abroad. Researches showed that the DNA marker proved to be very useful in assessing seed orchard mating dynamics and orchard management efficacies for conifer seed orchards(e.g.,chloroplast DNA(cpDNA),RAPD,SSR); in a seed orchard the contamination level is higher than that formerly estimated ; pollen yield seems to have no influence on contamination level; space and reproductive isolation are not so effective as to be expected. At present time, supplemental mass pollination(SMP)and thinning are two effective measures to reduce pollen contamination. To improve the parental balance of seed orchard crops, the use of artificial management techniques such as gibberellin A4/7 treatment, rearrangement of clonal ramets is recommended in seed orchards. Work on the other facets of contamination measurement,gene-flow studies, are listed. The authors made some recommendations about research on and management of pollen contamination in seed orchards in our country. Mechanical(pollen dispersal), phonological (the timing of flowering) and viability factors related to the pollen genotype should all be considered when assessing pollen contamination in seed orchards.

Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim) Harms belongs to Araliaceae, which is a popular plant medicine with lots of bioactive substance around the world. Eleutheroside has many functions, such as resisting weariness and senescence, restraining tumor growth etc. Syringin is a main component of eleutheroside. Ultrasonic extraction method with 1.5 hour, sixty percent carbinol liquor as extractant and 55℃ are the best combination of extraction method. HPLC suitable condition was 266 nm as measuring wavelenghth, carbinol and water(28:72) used as mobile phase, 1 mL·min^-1 as velocity of flow, column temperature with 25℃. Syringin content in root and stem were compared and analyzed in similar habitats in Heilongjiang different zones. The results showed that in the seven investigation zones, syringin content of this species was highest in Wuying National Nature Reserve, which grew under Pinus koraiensis original forest, but lowest in Snow Hollow Beauty Spot of Wudalianchi and Miror Lake area of Mudan river. This result would be benefit on gathering many-prickle acanthopanax and selecting the cropping habitats.

The mitosis of wheat root cells were studied after the root meristem were treated by trifluralin. Chromosome doubling, multipolar, laggards, unequal division, rings and micronuclei were observed. The results revealed that each treatment concentration and time could induce abnormal splitting, and the highest index was 11.05% (100 μmol·L^-1，12 h). The influence of treatment time was more significant than that of concentration. Chromosome doubling was the most in the abnormal cells, and the rate was 6.25%(100 μmol·L^-1，12 h).

The extraction methods of microorganisms from the bean’s leaves were investigated and the efficiency of different methods was compared. Results showed that different extraction methods and solvents led to quite different results. By ultrasonic cleaner method, the number of microorganisms increased to a maximum with the time prolonging and then decrease, the most effective treatment time is about four minates. There are no significant difference between sterile water and phosphate buffer. Comparing with ultrasonic cleaner method, extraction efficiency of homogenate method was much higher. The maximum yield of the former was about 7.67×106 cfu/g fresh leaves while the latter was up to 1.12×10⁷ cfu/g. The optimal weight of the leaves sample was four to five g. Leaf age influenced the abundance of microbial population significantly, but the leaf age of a sample for a specific purpose still depends on the other factors.

In the present study, the pollen morphology of 10 species in Impatiens L. has been examined under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). In these species, the pollen grains are long-elliptic, goniotreme, reticulate exine ornamentation. The size of pollen grains ranges from 20.3 to 46.7 μm in diameter. Based on the exine ornamentation differentiation, pollen grains are distinctly divided into two types. One is that reticulations have no (or few) granule such as Impatiens siculifer and I. wuyuanensis, the other is that granules are obvious including the other eight species. The results showed that the species of Impatiens can be classified on the basis of the pollen morphology, especially the granule characters of exine ornamentation. The exine sculptures are different among different species and therefore can provide some proof for identification of some species in Impatiens.

The seeds of 15 species (33 samples) of the genus Illicium Linn. were observed under light microscope and scanning electron microscope, and described. The results indicate that Illicium seeds are obovoid, rarely ellipsoid or ovoid, flattened. Exotesta is stone-hard, mesotesta coriaceous, endotesta membranaceous. Exotesta is yellowish, egg-yellow to orange-brown with invariably smooth and lucidly ceraceous layer, without testa ornaments found. Seed has a raised longitudinal ridge (raphe) at the ventral surface extending from the hilum to the top. Hilum locates at the bottom, near ventral surface of seed, or at the bottom of seed, ovate or elliptic, depressed. Embryo minute, endosperm copious, oily. The most features of seed surfaces among the species of Illicium are similar and constant, which supports that the genus should be relatively natural monophyletic group.

A new species of the genus Armeniaca, Rosaceae-A. xianjuxing J.Y.Zhang et Z.X.Wu was found. The distinction between A. xianjuxing J.Y.Zhang et Z.X.Wu and Armeniaca vulgaris Lam are both sides of leaves with sophie short hair, the length of pedicel or stalk is 1-1.2 cm，the petal margin is crenation or lobule, and the edge of calyx with small blunt sawtooth.

In order to analyze the genetic variation and differentiation as well as the evolutionary history of Abies ziyuanensis, the nrDNA GapC gene intron sequences were used in this study. Eight polymorphic nucleotide sites and twelve haplotypes were detected from seventy alleles sequences of thirty-four samples from three A.ziyuanensis populations. Yinzhulaoshan (YZ), Dayuan (DY) and Shunhuangshan (SH) populations had ten, six and seven haplotypes, respectively. Seven individuals had more than two kinds of haplotypes. The haplotype diversity (h) of A.ziyuanensis was 0.817 0, ranging from 0.683 3 to 0.883 1 for different populations. The nucleotide diversity (π) of species and population was 0.003 90, ranging from 0.002 63 to 0.003 82. Research result of genetic differentiation (G_st=0.103, p<0.05) indicated that there was significant genetic differentiation among populations. AMOVA showed 88.64% (p<0.001) genetic variation within population and 11.36% (p<0.05) significantly genetic differentiation among populations. In Tajima’s D, Fu & Li’s D and Fu & Li’s Fs neutrality tests, the variation in nucleotides did not deviate from that expected with neutral evolution. There was no unique district branches in the gene genealogies of haplotypes. The result of mismatch distribution analysis showed no recent rapid expansion and no significant difference (p>0.05) between N_st(0.131) and G_st(0.103), which indicated no obvious geographic structure exists in A.ziyuanensis. We inferred that the extant A.ziyuanensis populations might be resulted from the habitat fragmentation in a relatively recent period.

14 species and 2 varieties of mosses from Mt. Qiyun are newly reported to Jiangxi Province. They are Campylopus hemitrichius, Dicranodontium asperulum, D. didymodon, Dicranoloma assimile, D. dicarpum, Fissidens oblongifolius, F. Javanicus, Syrrhopodon prolifer var. tosaensis, Pyrrhobryum latifolium, Macromitrium angustifolium, Distichophyllum collenchymatosum var. pseudosinense, Haplohymenium formosanum, Clastobryum glabresscens, Heterophyllium affine, Wijkia surcularis, Vesicularia montagnei. Three genera, including Dicranoloma, Clastobryum, and Heterophyllum, are new to Jiangxi.

A male sterile germplasm JXB-1 was discovered at three-year-old wild Platycodon grandiflorum germplasms area in Longjing city in 2006 and its development and reproduction were further studied. The results showed that there was no obvious difference in flower’s outward appearance between JXB-1 and normal plant, but JXB-1 had shriveled and cracked anther with no microspore, forced anther with irregular and no activities, its self-pollination rate was zero and crosspollination rate was 100%. Anther and microsporogenesis observations showed that JXB-1 anther abortion mainly took place at tetrad stage because small spore growth was stopped for tapetum cells premature disintegration. Vegetative propagations of tissue culture for JXB-1 was all male sterile. It was preliminarily shown that JXB-1 was a male sterility germplasm, had high affinity with other germplasms and can be used as fine breeding material.

The TMV-replicase gene was regarded target-directed sequence for RNA interference in this paper. The target sequence was linked to pMD18-T Simple Vector and replicated in E.coli DH 5α. after obtained by RT-PCR reaction. The pMD18-T Simple vector (which contains target sequence) was digested restrictively by double-endonuclease, after purifying the digested product was inserted into pUCCRNAi vector by the counterrepeat way. Then the counterrepeated structure of target sequence was inserted into pC2300-35s-OCS expression vector after enzyme disgested. The recombination plamid was transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens which only contained assistant plasmid in order to construct double-plasmid expression vector. With PCR reaction and restriction endonuclease digestion, the target gene sequence was comfirmed in engineering-bacterium.

Heng Mts., Shanxi is located in the ecotone of temperate grassland zone and warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest zone according to China Vegetation Regionalization. Adopting Shannon-Wiener,the niche breadth index, the article classified constructive species on both slopes into 3 ecologic groups respectively. Artemisia brachyloba, Dendranthema chanetii, Carex lanceolata and Sanguisorba alpina of the south slope, and Carex lanceolata, Denfranthema zawwadskii, Poa sphondyloes,Siline jenisseensis and Sanguisorba alpina of the north slope occupy a broader niche, showing an apparent niche generalization. By contrast, Potentilla anserine, Spiraea trilobata, Ostryopsis davidiana and Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis of the south slope, Stipa bungeana, Puccinellia distans, Artemisia brachyloba, Polygonum viviparum, Anaphalis hancockii, Spiraea trilobata, Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis and Populus cathayana of the north slope occupy a much narrower niche, which is closely related to their environment. The 16 constructive populations of the south slope form 240 species counterparts, among which 100, that’s 41.9% of the total, have niche overlaps, indicating that there exits niche overlap among the 16 species of the south slope. The 21 constructive populations of the north slope form 420 species counterparts, among which 69, that’s 16.4% of the total, have niche overlaps, indicating that there does not exit an apparent niche overlap among the 21 species. The apparent separation in ecologic niche among populations suggests a significant difference as to their utility of recourses. All of the above are caused by the evenness the south slope while the sheerness the north, which leads to a continuous spreading of vegetation on the south and many discontinuities making overlap an rare occurrence on the north because of much sharper rise of elevation. By an overall comparison and contrast of niche breadth and niche overlap of the constructive species of each slope, an establishment of Hengshan Mts. as the borderline between temperate grassland zone and warmtemperate deciduous broad-leaved forest zone can achieved more objectively.

The first red list of Chinese endangered bryophytes approved by the international workshop on the conservation of the biodiversity of Chinese bryophytes held in Shanghai in December of 2004 is briefly reported. The list consists of 50 species, 47 genera, 28 families of mosses, 31 species, 26 genera, 12 families of liverworts, and one species, genus and family of hornworts. Of 82 species, 36 are classified as critically endangered (CR), 29 as endangered (EN) and 17 as vulnerable species (VU), following a modified set of IUCN/IAB criteria. The characteristics of geographic distribution, the endangered reasons as well as the further actions for conservation of Chinese endangered bryophytes are also preliminarily discussed.

The tepal epidermis of 20 samples,representing 11 species within Illicium Linn.(Illiciaceae),15 samples of 8 species belonging to Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss.(Schisandraceae),and 17 samples of 6 species in Schisandra Michaux. (Schisandraceae),were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Several characters of tepal epidermis of the three genera in Illiciales,such as patterns of epidermal cells,shapes and distributing of secretory cells,types and distributing of stomatal apparatus,and cuticular ornamentations,were reported for the first time. Two new characters,stomata cluster and cyclotytic stomata,are introduced. The previous studies reported the correlations between the character of outer stomatal rims on leaf epidermis and the habit in Illiciales: single outer stomatal rims occured in deciduous species and double ones only in evergreen species. In this study,all the outer stomatal rims on tepal epidermis in Illiciales are single,different from those on leaf epidermis. Therefore,it is considered that the outer stomatal rims on tepal epidermis and the outer stomatal rims on leaf epidermis are not interrelated. Neither is the latter nor the habit. The characters of tepal epidermis are constant whether the tepals grow in bisexual,male or female flowers,which means this character does not relate with flower sex. Comparing the characters of tepal epidermis among Illicium,Kadsura and Schisandra,it is indicated that Schisandra has more derived characters than Kadsura,and so does Kadsura than Illicium. Additionaly,the similarity,of tepal epidermis between Kadsura and Schisandra,is greater than that between Kadsura and Illicium. Therefore,it seems reasonable to establish Schisandraceae including genera Kadsura and Schisandra,and Illiciaceae only containing the single genus Illicium.