Ephemeral plants are a specialized group derived from arid flora and grow in flat desert regions. In China， they are primarily distributed in northern Xinjiang， while the overall distribution status in southern Xinjiang remains unclear. Moreover， it is currently unknown whether ephemeral plants exist in alpine environment. Combined the field surveys with literature review， the species composition and geographical elements and life-form types of ephemeral plants in northern Xinjiang， southern Xinjiang （including the Pamir Plateau within China） were analyzed respectively， and their origins and life-history strategy differentiation were explored. The results showed that： （1）There were 18 families， 42 genera and 51 species ephemeral plants in southern Xinjiang； the Pamir Plateau within China had 16 families， 31 genera and 36 species ephemeral plants， which served as a “micro-refugium”. （2）The proportion of oligotypic families， monotypic families， oligotypic genera and monotypic genera in Xinjiang was high， and Brassicaceae was the dominant family. （3）The ephemeral plants in Xinjiang were predominantly temperate ones， with a high proportion of annual and perennial life forms. The proportion of annual plants in alpine environments increased， which highlighted the constraining effect of ecological conservation on the evolution of ephemeral plants. In summary， the ephemeral flora of northern and southern Xinjiang showed significant convergence in terms of family and genus composition， geographical elements and life-form spectrum， the Pamir Plateau within China served as a “micro-refugium” for ephemeral plants， and their ecological conservation subjected them to considerable evolutionary pressure.

Plant adventitious root regeneration is a self-repair or replacement process of damaged structures by the plant body， usually occurring during tissue culture or cutting. During the cutting process， wound stimulation triggers a series of responses and signal transduction that regulates downstream factors， thereby inducing adventitious root formation. Plant hormones play a crucial regulatory role in the process of adventitious root formation. However， the survival rate of cuttings from certain woody plants is relatively low， and the molecular mechanisms by which plant hormones regulate the regeneration of adventitious roots remain unclear. This article reviewed the basic process of adventitious root regeneration in plant cuttings， explored the rules of wound activation signal transduction， and summarized the regulatory molecular mechanisms of hormones， transcription factors， and gene families involved in adventitious root development. It provided a reference for the study of the regeneration mechanism of woody plant cuttings.

China is one of the distribution centers of Ribes L. plants in the world. In order to reveal the characteristics of species diversity and distribution patterns of Ribes L. in China， and to explore its relationship with environmental factors， the field surveys， specimen identification and data analysis were conducted. The results showed that： （1）There were 56 species of wild Ribes L. plants in China， belonging to six subgenera： subgenus Grossularia， subgenus Ribes， subgenus Berisia， subgenus Coreosma， subgenus Hemibotrya and subgenus Grossularioides.（2）Wild Chinese Ribes L. plants were mainly distributed in the southwest， northwest and northeast regions， the northwest region had the highest species richness， with 34 species belonging to five subgenera， followed by the southwest region with four subgenera and 30 species， and the northeast region had six subgenera and 16 species. （3）The vertical distribution patterns of wild Ribes L. plants in China were remarkable， and the elevation of the concentrated distribution of Ribes L. gradually increased with the decrease of latitude. In the higher elevational northeast region， Ribes L. plants were distributed in the elevation range from 700 to 2 100 m， and concentrated in the elevation range of 700 to 1 500 m. In the middle elevation northwest region， Ribes L. plants were distributed in the elevation range of 1 000 to 3 000 m， and concentrated in the elevation range of 1 000 to 2 000 m. In the lower elevation southwest region， Ribes L. plants were distributed in the elevation range of 2 500 to 5 000 m， and concentrated in the elevation range of 2 500 to 4 000 m.（4）There were 25 endemic species of the Ribes L. in China， including 19 species in the southwest， 15 species in the northwest， none in the northeast， and three endemic species in other regions of China. The distribution of regional endemic species of the Ribes L. was obvious， with 12 species in the southwest， nine in the northwest and eight in the northeast， respectively. No common species were found in the southwest， northwest and northeast regions. In conclusion， the species composition of the Ribes L. in China showed a distinct geographic distribution pattern， the species composition varied in different regions， and this study revealed the species diversity characteristics and distribution pattern of the wild Ribes L. plants in China.

To establish a high quality variety screening system for Rhododendron， seven Rhododendron species from the azalea germplasm bank of Yunnan Agricultural University were taken as materials， and their ornamental values were evaluated by Analytic Hierarchy Process， and the drought resistance was evaluated through the determination of physiological indexes under drought stress， and cross-compatibility of high-quality species was evaluated by the cross-breeding and fertility tests. The results showed that R. × pulchrum ranked first for its compact plant shape， high flower and leaf fullness， and garden application potential. R. simsii had the highest ornamental score for its flowers， but a small number of flowers in each inflorescence， small leaves， and defoliation in winter， ranking the second. R. delavayi had the highest overall ornamental score， but relatively low potential for garden application， ranking the third. The drought resistance was ranked as R. × pulchrum > R. simsii > R. dauricum > R. vialii > R. delavayi > R. molle > R. decorum. The optimal group among seven hybrid groups was R. delavayi × R. simsii， because the fruit setting rate was 27.3%， and seed germination rate was 100.0%. However， no hybrid offspring was obtained from the hybrid combination of R. × pulchrum either as the male or female parent. In conclusion， the ornamental value and drought resistance of R. × pulchrum was the best， and the ornamental value and drought resistance of R. simsii and R. delavayi were the second， and the hybrids were compatible.

In order to provide experimental basis for palynological and taxonomic studies of Orchidaceae， pollen morphological characteristics of 13 wild orchids from 10 genera in Mount Emei were investigated and compared by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated the rich diversity of pollen morphology of wild orchids in Mount Emei， and the pollen morphology of species from three genera， Holcoglossum， Odontochilus and Rhomboda were demonstrated for the first time. The properties of pollinium （granular， waxy）， texture （granular pollinium， separable pollinium，hard pollinium）， number （2，4，8）， morphology （e.g.， horseshoe shaped， crescent-shaped， obovoid， spherical， oblanceolate， clavate， etc.）， surface structure （smooth but uneven， granular， rough， stripy， laminated， etc.） of pollinia， as well as the pollen dispersal units （tetrahedral pollen， massulae， pollinium） and their exine ornamentation （foveolate， fine reticulate， pitted， coarse reticulate， fine punctate， smooth， etc.） varied greatly among genera， while the pollen morphological characteristics of different species within the same genus shared certain features， but there were also specificities. There were significant differences in surface structure of pollinia and exine ornamentation of pollen dispersal units among the four species of the genus Calanthe. The results showed that pollen morphological characteristics was an important basis for identifying closely related species within and between genera of Orchidaceae. There was strong differentiation of orchids in Mount Emei， with a high proportion of endangered and endemic species. Therefore， it is necessary to strengthen research on the diversity of pollen characteristics of wild orchids in this area.

As a critical node connecting spore germination and sporophyte formation， the gametophyte plays a vital role in the reproduction and survival of ferns， serving as the central hub of the fern life cycle. In this study， aseptic culture of Cystopteris chinensis spores was conducted to observe and document the entire process of spore germination and gametophyte development under a light microscope. The results showed that the spores of C. chinensis had an average size of 32.83 μm×27.37 μm， appearing elliptical in polar view and semicircular in equatorial view； the length of the single laesura nearly extended to the equatorial line， the perispore ornamentation was spinose， and additional small verrucous or tuberculate protrusions were present on the spore surface. Spores began to germinate 12 days after sowing， enter the filamentous stage after 15 days， develop into prothalli after 30 days， and differentiate into sex organs after 50 days. The spore germination type was centripetal， and the prothallus development followed the Aspidium-type. The mature prothallus was symmetrically broad and rounded cordate， with an average size of 2.9 mm×1.8 mm； sparse trichomes were present on the margin， dorsal and ventral surfaces of the prothallus. The archegonia and antheridia were borne on separate prothalli， with a ratio of female to male prothalli being approximately 5∶1.The archegonia were composed of four rows of cells， with a height of approximately 75 μm and a diameter of approximately 45 μm； the antheridia were spherical， with a height of approximately 49 μm and a diameter of approximately 44 μm. The archegonia were brown after fertilization. The gametophyte developmental characteristics of C. chinensis resembled those of the bulbifera clade within the genus Cystopteris， suggesting a close genetic relationship.

The inositol phosphate kinase family plays a central role in eukaryotic signaling and metabolic regulation， and critical functions in plant growth， development， and environmental adaptation. This family includes members such as inositol polyphosphate kinase（IPK2）， inositol pentakisphosphate 2-kinase（IPK1）， inositol 1，3，4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase（ITPK）， and diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinase（VIH）， which collaboratively catalyze the synthesis of inositol hexakisphosphate（InsP₆） and its derivatives to establish complex phosphorylation networks. This paper systematically reviewed the classification characteristics， metabolic pathways， and biological functions of inositol phosphate kinases in plants， with a specific focus on their central roles in mediating phytic acid biosynthesis， phosphorus signaling， and stress responses. Significant progress has been made in elucidating metabolic pathways and identifying the functions of key signaling molecules. However， substantial knowledge gaps remained regarding the regulatory mechanisms of kinase substrate selectivity and the molecular basis of signaling networks. Additionally， there was a lack of highly sensitive in situ detection techniques for dynamically tracing the distribution of inositol pyrophosphates. In terms of applications， manipulating inositol phosphate metabolism showed potential for improving seed phytic acid content and phosphorus utilization efficiency， yet achieving precise regulation remained a current bottleneck. Future research should integrate cutting-edge technologies such as multi-omics， structural biology， and synthetic biology to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms. This will provide theoretical support for developing crop varieties with high yield， stress resilience， and enhanced phosphorus use efficiency， thereby contributing to agricultural sustainability and ecological conservation， and offering new theoretical foundations and practical breeding strategies to address global food security challenges.

Based on the establishment of species list and geographical distribution database， the species diversity and geographical distribution pattern of wild Impatiens in Sichuan Province were studied. The species composition， endemicity， geographical distribution pattern in Sichuan Province were analyzed through systematic literature retrieval， specimen textual research and field investigation respectively， and the hot spot area of Impatiens distribution were determined by screening algorithm. The results showed that a total of 108 wild species （including one variety） of Impatiens were recorded in Sichuan Province by April 2025， distributed in 82 counties， with 94 species endemic to China and 41 species endemic to Sichuan Province. The vertical distribution was most abundant at the elevation of 2 000~2 500 m. Nine hot counties， including Emeishan City， Mianning County， Muli County， Kangding City， Shimian County， Yanyuan County， Jiulong County， Jinchuan County and Zhaojue County were screened， which contained 80.55% of the wild Impatiens in Sichuan Province. Sichuan Province was characterized by diverse geomorphologic types and well-developed river systems， the distribution of Impatiens had high species diversity and regional endemicity. The study clarified and improved the species diversity of Impatiens in Sichuan Province， and provided the reference for protection， development and utilization of endemic germplasm resources.

Histone deacetylases（HDACs） and histone acetyltransferases（HATs） are a group of reversible enzymes that catalyze histone acetylation/deacetylation， playing crucial roles in plant growth and development. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of histone deacetylase（XsHDAC） and histone acetyltransferase（XsHAT） family member genes and proteins in Xanthoceras sorbifolium， with a focus on their expression patterns during seed embryo development. Genome-wide identification of XsHDACs and XsHATs family members in X. sorbifolium was conducted. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to examine their physicochemical properties， gene structure， conserved motifs， chromosomal localization， synteny， and cis-acting elements. The expression patterns of XsHDACs and XsHATs genesin different tissues and during seed embryo development were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. A total of 15 XsHDACs genes（belonging to the RPD3/HDA1， HD2， and SIR2 subfamilies） and eight XsHATs genes（belonging to the GNAT， MYST， CBP， and TAF_II250 subfamilies） were identified from the X. sorbifolium genome. These genes were distributed across nine different chromosomes. Physicochemical analysis of XsHDACs and XsHATs family members revealed that most proteins in both families were hydrophilic and acidic. Subcellular localization predictions indicated that XsHDACs and XsHATs family proteins were primarily localized in the nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis showed a close evolutionary relationship between X. sorbifolium and Litchi chinensis， both belonging to the Sapindaceae family. Protein structure predictions demonstrated that XsHDACs and XsHATs family members were rich in random coils and α-helices. Cis-acting element analysis revealed that the promoters of XsHDACs and XsHATs genescontain elements related to seed development， light response， hormone signaling， and stress responses. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that most XsHDACs and XsHATs members were highly expressed in the embryo of seed， with increased expression levels during late-stage embryogenesis. The XsHDACs and XsHATs gene families exhibited both evolutionary conservation and specificity. The expression results suggested their potential crucial roles in the embryonic development and oil biosynthesis in X. sorbifolium.

Structural characteristics of chloroplast genome could reflect the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships among plants. In this study， the chloroplast genomes of seven species from Tamaricaceae were sequenced and assembled by the Illumina HiSeq platform. Combined with published chloroplast genome sequences from Tamaricaceae and its allies， we conducted comparative analyses of chloroplast genome sequence variation， structural characteristics， relative synonymous codon usage of protein-coding genes， and phylogenetic relationships. The results showed that the ten chloroplast genomes of Tamaricaceae exhibited a quadripartite structure， with a total length ranging from 154 684 bp to 156 178 bp. These chloroplast genomes contained approximately 130 protein coding genes， including 111 non-redundant genes. The GC content and relative synonymous codon usage（RSCU） were consistent with those of typical angiosperm chloroplast genomes. Moreover， we identified 27-54 simple sequence repeats（SSRs） in each genome， which are predominantly composed of A/T bases. Phylogenetic results supported Tamarix austromongolica and Myrtama elegans as members of Myricaria. The results revealed the conserved chloroplast genome structures across the ten Tamaricaceae species， with distinct interspecific variations that offer valuable information for resolving phylogenetic relationships and identifying species within this family.

Astragalus membranaceus and A. membranaceus var. mongholicus are the source species of the bulk medicinal herb Astragali Radix（Huangqi）， and they serve as strategic resources for global natural medicines and functional foods. Research on seed dormancy and germination in the two taxa is crucial for ensuring the authenticity of medicinal materials and industrial sustainability. This article systematically reviewed studies published since 1975 on their seeds， aiming to clarify the commonalities and differences in the seed dormancy and germination between the two Astragalus taxa. Seeds of the two Astragalus taxa exhibited combinational dormancy（physical dormancy+physiological dormancy）， whose dormancy characteristics were collectively determined by the physical barrier formed by the dense seed coat， the inhibitory effect of endogenous inhibitors， and the physiological dormancy mediated by the abscisic acid（ABA）/gibberellic acid（GA） signaling pathway. The interspecific heterogeneity in dormancy and germination of the two Astragalus seeds represented an adaptive strategy for niche differentiation. Based on these traits， targeted dormancy-breaking techniques have been developed， including physical， chemical， microbial， and priming treatments. Additionally， seed germination of the two Astragalus taxa in response to environmental factors（temperature， water， and salinity-alkalinity） also showed significant inter-taxonomic heterogeneity. Despite sharing the “GA intermediate pre-storage” trait， the two Astragalus taxa had divergent molecular regulatory strategies for dormancy and germination. Current research on seed dormancy and germination of the two Astragalus taxa has advanced from empirical exploration to mechanism-driven investigation； however， bottlenecks remain， such as incomplete elucidation of molecular mechanisms and insufficient understanding of microbe-seed interactions. Future studies should integrate multi-omics and gene editing technologies to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying dormancy and germination， and establish taxon-specific precision regulation protocols. This review will provide robust support for the sustainable development of the Astragali Radix industry and the advancement of theories related to seed dormancy and germination.

To explore the main physiological and biochemical factors affecting the dormancy release of seeds， the seeds of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis were used as materials， and the phenotypic changes of embryos were observed by stereomicroscope. Five typical stages（S1， spherical embryo； S2， short cylindrical embryo； S3， conical embryo； S4， torpedo embryo； S5， budding） were screened out， respectively. Physiological and biochemical methods and ELISA were used to determine the nutrient content， enzyme activity and plant hormone content in the seeds at each stage. The results showed that the embryo rate was finally（66.50±6.22）%； the water absorption rate was 76.54%. The main nutrient of P polyphylla var. yunnanensis seeds was starch. During the germination process， the contents of starch， free amino acids and activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase（G-6-PDH） showed a decreasing trend； the content of soluble sugar showed a trend of decreasing first， then increasing and then decreasing again； the activities of peroxidase（POD）， malate dehydrogenase （MDH） and content of gibberellin A₃（GA₃） showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing； the contents of gibberellin A₄（GA₄） and indole-3-acetic acid（IAA） showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing， superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity increased significantly in S5 stage， catalase（CAT） activity showed a trend of M type fluctuation， abscisic acid（ABA） content showed a trend of ‘decreasing-increasing-decreasing-increasing’. The embryo rate was significantly positively correlated with SOD activity， and significantly negatively with G-6-PDH activity and free amino acids content. GA₃ content was significantly positively correlated with CAT activity， GA₄ content was significantly positively correlated with contents of starch and amino acids（P<0.01）， while IAA content was significantly negatively correlated with soluble sugar content（P<0.01）. The dormancy type of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis seeds was morphological and physiological dormancy； and the development status of embryo was closely related to the fluctuation of physiological and biochemical indexes. The increases in contents of soluble sugar， free amino acid， GA₃ and GA₄， GA₃/ABA and IAA/ABA， and activities of SOD， POD and CAT were all helpful to the release of seed dormancy.

The STAY-GREEN（SGR） gene family is a key regulator of chlorophyll degradation and leaf senescence in plants. This study， through systematic phylogenetic analysis， demonstrated that the SGR gene family can be divided into two functionally divergent subfamilies， SGR and SGRL. The number of family members varied among species， yet the protein structure was highly conserved. Functional studies revealed that SGR not only played a central role in plant growth and development by regulating chlorophyll degradation but also extensively participated in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses， often in a gene-specific manner. At the molecular level， SGR gene served as a hub integrating multiple hormone signals， including abscisic acid， ethylene， and jasmonic acid， and coordinated chlorophyll degradation and stress responses by modulating the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species and phenylpropane metabolism pathways. This article reviewed the complex regulatory network mediated by SGR gene， providing important theoretical foundations and research directions for elucidating its molecular mechanisms and for targeted improvement of crop stress resistance and agricultural product quality using gene-editing technologies.

The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of self-incompatible behavior between pollen and stigma during self-pollination of jujube（Ziziphus jujuba）. The effects of different sample drying methods on jujube ‘Junzao’ flower stigma samples were compared by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）， and the technical parameters of SEM acceleration voltage and sample working distance were systematically optimized respectively. The results showed that high-clarity and high-resolution microscopic images of jujube flower stigma papillae cells were obtained by using CO₂ critical point drying and optimized parameters of SEM working distance with 5.4-10.8 mm and acceleration voltage of 3.0 kV. Based on the optimized SEM system，the microstructure of jujube ‘Junzao’ stigmas and pollen-stigma interactions after self-pollination（‘Junzao’בJunzao’）and cross-pollination（‘Junzao’בQingjian Suanzao’）were observed respectively. The results indicated that the pistil of jujube was a “bifurcate” type of pistil，the stigma surface was composed of clusters of papillae cells，the diameter of individual papillae cell was 10-18 μm. There were no significant differences in the adhesion，hydration，germination and growth of pollen on the stigma between self-pollination and cross-pollination. Further observations using fluorescence microscopy revealed that self-pollinated pollen tubes grew to 1/2 style channels and showed swelling and curling，while the cross-pollinated pollen tubes grew to the bottom of the style， indicating that jujube had a typical gametophytic self-incompatibility. This study systematically elucidated the dynamic characteristics of pollen-stigma recognition and pollen tube growth in self-incompatible jujube， which had important scientific value and application significance for understanding the reproductive characteristics of jujube and the guidance for practical hybrid breeding.

Tomato early blight， caused by Alternaria solani， represents a significant disease that severely impacts both the yield and quality of tomatoes， primarily due to its short latent period and rapid reinfection cycle. In contrast to conventional chemical control methods， biological control offers considerable potential due to its environmentally friendly and sustainable attributes. In this study， a strain of Bacillussubtilis， designated as C08， demonstrating strong antagonistic activity against A.solani， was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of healthy tomato plants. The fermentation conditions were optimized， and a wettable powder formulation was subsequently developed using the fermentation broth as the active ingredient. The results indicated that the formulation achieved high efficacy in controlling tomato early blight， significantly promoted plant growth， enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase（SOD） and peroxidase（POD）， and improved soil enzyme activities such as sucrase and urease. These findings suggest that strain C08 holds substantial promise as a biocontrol agent for the sustainable management of tomato early blight.

Camellia fascicularis，as a National Class II Key Protected Plant and a wild plant with extremely small populations in Yunnan Province， scientific guidance is urgently required for its population reconstruction and conservation. In this study， simplified genome sequencing method using Hyper-seq technology was used to evaluate and analyze the genetic diversity， population genetic structure and screen core germplasm among 133 accessions collected from three wild populations（Hekou， Mengzi and Maguan） and two ex situ conservation populations（Kunming Arboretum and Wenshan Arboretum）. The results revealed that genetic diversity of C. fascicularis was high， an average expected heterozygosity（H_E） was 0.232 6， an average observed heterozygosity（H_O） was 0.365 9， and an average nucleotide diversity（P_i） was 0.372 5. The genetic diversity of the ex-situ conservation populations（KMSMY and WSSMY） was slightly lower than that of the MG population and higher than those of the MZ and HK populations， but the H_E， H_O and P_i values of both ex-situ conservation populations did not reach 90% of the species-level benchmark. Genetic structure analysis showed that 133 individuals from five populations were categorized into four clusters， the MG and KMSMY populations showed more complex genetic structure and backgrounds. Population genetic differentiation showed that the degree of genetic differentiation among populations was very high（F_st=0.410 3）. In conclusion， 27 core germplasms were extracted from 133 germplasms based on genetic distance， which effectively represented the genetic diversity of C. fascicularis. This study first analyzed the genetic characteristics of C. fascicularis at the genomic-level， providing crucial theoretical foundations for formulating in situ conservation strategies， optimizing the ex situ preservation protocols and implementing scientific population reconstruction for this endangered species.

This study investigated the effects of composite inducers at varying concentrations and photomorphogenic inducers under different photoperiods on the major secondary metabolites in Epimedium sagittatum（Sieb. et Zucc.） Maxim. suspension cells. Orthogonal experiments were conducted under optimal culture conditions to evaluate the effects of three composite inducers： MeJA at 25， 50， and 75 μmol⋅L^-1； SA at 25， 50， and 75 μmol⋅L^-1； and CTS at 0， 10， and 20 mg⋅L^-1. Additionally， induction was performed under varying light qualities and photoperiods. The findings demonstrated that the levels of secondary metabolites， including flavonol glycosides， total flavonoids， total phenolic acids， and total saponins， increased in E. sagittatum suspension cells treated with composite inducers and photomorphogenic inducers compared to the control group. The F4 treatment group （50 µmol⋅L^-1 MeJA， 25 µmol⋅L^-1 SA， 20 mg⋅L^-1 CTS） and G6 treatment group （blue light， 16 h） exhibited significantly higher flavonol glycoside content， being 2.92 and 3.79-fold higher than the control， respectively. The F3 treatment group（25 µmol⋅L^-1 MeJA， 50 µmol⋅L^-1 SA， 10 mg⋅L^-1 CTS） and G6 treatment group（blue light， 16 h） demonstrated significantly higher total flavonoid content， approximately 1.42 and 1.27-fold higher than the control， respectively. The F2 treatment group（25 µmol⋅L^-1 MeJA， 25 µmol⋅L^-1 SA） and G4 treatment group （blue light， 12 h） exhibited significantly elevated total phenolic acid content， being 4.11 and 2.94-fold higher than the control， respectively. The F8 treatment group（75 µmol⋅L^-1 MeJA， 75 µmol⋅L^-1 SA） and G2 treatment group （white light， 12 h） exhibited higher total alkaloid content， being 1.28 and 1.02-fold higher than the control， respectively. The total saponin content in the F5 treatment group（50 µmol⋅L^-1 MeJA， 50 µmol⋅L^-1 SA） and G6 treatment group（blue light， 16 h） was significantly higher， being 3.73 and 3.05-fold higher than the control， respectively. These results indicated that the application of exogenous inducers effectively enhanced the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites， such as flavonoids and total saponins， in E. sagittatum.

In order to clarify the competitive influence of rare and endangered plant Ammopiptanthus mongolicus， this study selected the ecotone between A.mongolicus and Zygophyllum xanthoxylum， and used Hegyi single tree competition model to analyze the intraspecific and interspecific competition relationship by investigating 25 target trees of A.mongolicus. The results showed that intraspecific and interspecific competition intensity of A.mongolicus accounted for 5.09% and 94.91% of the total competition intensity（341.32）， respectively， indicating that the competition of A. mongolicus was mainly derived from interspecific competition. There were many competing tree species of A.mongolicus in the ecotone， and the competition intensity from high to low was Artemisia xerophytica， Caragana brachypoda，Z.xanthoxylum，Oxytropis aciphylla， A.mongolicus， Reaumuria trigyna， Krascheninnikovia ceratoides， Reaumuria soongarica， Potaninia mongolica， Asparagus gobicus. The relationship of the interspecific competition index and the total competition index with the crown width of A.mongolicus was approximately subject to the power function relationship， and the competition intensity decreased with the increase of crown width of target trees. When the crown width of target trees was less than 1.0 m， the competitive pressure was greater， and the obtained model could well reflect the competitive intensity of A.mongolicus.

The aim of this study was to establish an Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation system for Solanumnigrum（black nightshade） with the goal of enhancing transformation efficiency and increasing its total flavonoid content.Based on this system， the recombinant plasmid PBI121-6flag-SnCHI was constructed， the hairy roots of SnCHI gene transformation were induced by Agrobacterium-mediated pathway， and the content of total flavonoids in the hairy roots of S.nigrum after SnCHI gene transformation was investigated. The results showed that the induction rate of hairy roots of S. nigrum could reach 88.49% under the conditions of OD₆₀₀ value of 1.0， infection for 25 min and co-culture for 24 h. The qRT-PCR detection of transgenic SnCHI hairy roots showed that the gene expression level was 28.81 times that of the blank group. The total flavonoid content of SnCHI transgenic hairy roots was determined， and it was found that the total flavonoid content of SnCHI transgenic hairy roots was up to 4.14 times that of the blank group. The genetic transformation system of S. nigrum was successfully established， and the function of SnCHI gene was studied， which provided a reference for tissue culture and genetic transformation of the same genus.

To establish a technology system for the delayed growth preservation of Pinellia ternata tubers in vitro， this study valuated different sucrose mass concentrations， the ratio of sucrose to mannitol， and low-temperature methods to preserve the in vitro tubers. After 360 days， the tubers were allowed to resume growth， and the growth indicators were observed and statistically analyzed. Starch grain dynamics in the tubers were examined using paraffin sectioning technique. The genetic stability of regenerated plants after preservation was assessed using ISSR-PCR and RAPD molecular markers. Mature tubers were inoculated on fresh 1/2MS+30 g⋅L^-1 sucrose+60 g⋅L^-1 mannitol medium and stored at 4 ℃ for 360 days， the sprouting rate of tubers after recovery growth was as high as 96.67%， and the plants grew well with the best preservation effect. Tubers cultured on medium containing 90 g⋅L^-1 sucrose， showed reduced growth despite a sprouting rate of 90.00%， likely due to the excessively high osmotic pressure. When mature tubers were stored in the old medium of 1/2MS+30 g⋅L^-1 sucrose at 4 ℃ for 360 days， the sprouting rate of tubers after recovery growth was the lowest， only 36.70%. Histological studies showed that in the dead tubers after preservation， there were a few leaf primordia， almost no starch grains in the cells， and no mucilage cells. Both the high sprouting rate and low sprouting rate treatments had a large amount of starch grains stored in the tubers after recovery growth， but the treatment with high survival rate had more layers of leaf primordia in the stem tips and fewer mucilage cells， and the plants grew more vigorously. A total of 1 140 bands were amplified using molecular marker techniques， and no variant bands were detected， indicating genetic stability of regenerated plants after delayed growth preservation. This study established a simple and efficient technique for the delayed growth preservation of P. ternatain vitro tubers， providing a feasible approach for short-term preservation of P. ternata germplasm.