The Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Stylar Curvature in Amomum tsaoko (Zingiberaceae)

doi:10.7677/ynzwyj201312171

Abstract

Abstract:

Flexistyly is a floral mechanism involving extreme curving of the style first described in Amomum tsaoko Crevost & Lemarie. We examined the influence of temperature and humidity on stylar curvature in this species. Although floral behavior was similar to that reported previously in this species and other flexistylous gingers, there was a delay in stylar movement in two morphs, which differed strikingly from previous observations. When mean temperature and humidity between 8∶30 and 19∶30 hrs were below 18℃ and above 90%, respectively, style movement of both morphs was not delayed; however, there was a delay in style movement when temperature was increased above 18℃ and humidity fell below 90%. Stylar curvature of cataflexistylous flowers was more sensitive to change of humidity than anaflexistylous ones. When mean temperature and humidity were between 19.17-19.52℃ and 51.00%-51.44%, respectively, the anthesis of a single cataflexistylous flower was prolonged from 1 day to 2 days, and stylar curvature downwards was asynchronous. The asynchronous stylar movement did not ensure complete functional dioecy within a population, which would decrease successful crossfertilization (outcrossing) between the two different forms, and affect the breeding and fitness of plants. Flexistyly is a special form of heterodichogamy, which requires further study to fully understand its origin and evolution.

Key words: Amomum tsaoko, Temperature, Humidity, Stylar movement, Prolonged flowering

摘要：

草果（Amomum tsaoko）为姜科植物，有花柱卷曲机制。研究表明温度和湿度均影响草果上举型花和下垂型花的花柱卷曲，相对恒定的低温和高湿可促使花柱的同步卷曲。当8∶00-19∶30期间的平均温度小于18℃、平均湿度大于90%时，花柱卷曲没有滞后现象，卷曲的同步性较好。当平均温度大于18℃、平均湿度小于90%时，随着温度的升高和湿度的降低，花柱卷曲滞后愈加明显。和上举型花相比，下垂型花的花柱卷曲对湿度变化更为敏感；可能两种花型之间存在一定的分化。居群初花期19.17~19.52℃的平均温度和51.00%~51.44%的平均湿度，导致单朵下垂型花的寿命由1d延长为2d。温度和湿度变化对花柱卷曲的影响导致在居群水平上没有完全形成功能上的雌雄异株，可能影响草果的繁育和降低其适合度。从不同角度对花柱卷曲机制的深入研究，有助于更好的探索其起源和进化。

关键词: 草果, 温度, 湿度, 花柱卷曲, 花期延迟

CLC Number:

Q 944

YANG Yao-Wen-, QIAN Zi-Gang-, LI Ai-Rong-, PU Chun-Xia-, LIU Xiao-Li-, GUAN Kai-Yun. The Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Stylar Curvature in Amomum tsaoko (Zingiberaceae)[J]. Plant Diversity, 2013, 35(5): 613-620.

杨耀文1、2、3, 钱子刚3, 李爱荣1, 普春霞1、2、3, 刘小莉3, 管开云1. 温度和湿度对草果花柱卷曲的影响[J]. Plant Diversity, 2013, 35(5): 613-620.

References

Ashman TL, Schoen DJ, 1994. How long should flowers live? ［J］. Nature, 371: 788—791
Baker HG, 1955. Selfcompatibility and establishment after “long distance” dispersa1［J］. Evolution, 9: 347—349
Barrett SCH, 2002. The evolution of plant sexual diversity［J］. Nature Reviews Genetics, 3: 274—284
Charlesworth B, Charlesworth D, 1987. A model for the evolution of dioecy and gynodioecy［J］. American Naturalist, 112: 975—997
Charlesworth B, Charlesworth D, 1999. The genetic basis of inbreeding depression［J］. Genetic Research, 74: 329—340
Charnov EL, 1979. Simultanous hermaphroditism and sexual selection［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 76: 2480—2484
Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission (中国药典委员会), 2010. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (Vol.1) ［M］. Beijing: Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Press, 222—223
Cui XL (崔晓龙), Wei RC (魏蓉城), Huang RF (黄瑞复), 1995a. A preliminary study on the genetic system of Amomum tsaoko［J］. Journal of Yunnan University (Nat. Sci.) (云南大学学报 (自然科学版)), 17: 290—297
Cui XL (崔晓龙), Wei RC (魏蓉城), Huang RF (黄瑞复), 1995b. Study on the artificial population structure of Amomum tsaoko［J］. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Science (西南农业学报), 8 (4): 114—118
Cui XL (崔晓龙), Wei RC (魏蓉城), Huang RF (黄瑞复), 1996. Biological characters of flowering and fruiting habit in Amomum tsaoko［J］. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences (西南农业学报), 9 (1): 109—113
Gao JY (高江云), Yang ZH (杨自辉), Li QJ (李庆军), 2009. Effects of floral longevity on male and female fitness in Hedychium villosum var. villosum［J］. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报), 33 (1): 89—96
Li QJ, Xu ZF, Kress WJ et al., 2001a. Flexible style that encourage outcrossing［J］. Nature, 410: 432
Li QJ (李庆军), Xu ZF (许再富), Kress WJ et al., 2001b. Study on the flexistyly pollination mechanism in Alpinia plants (Zingiberaceae) ［J］. Acta Botanica Sinica (植物学报), 43: 346—369
Li QJ, Kress WJ, Xu ZF et al., 2002. Mating system and stigmatic behaviour during flowering of Alpinia kwangsiensis (Zingiberaceae) ［J］. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 232: 123—132
Lloyd DG, 1979. Parental strategies in angiosperms. In: International Symposium on Reproduction in Flowering Plants［J］. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 17: 595—605
Pannell RJ, Dorken EM, Eppley MS, 2005. ‘Haldane’s Sieve’in a metapopulation: sifting through pl. reproductive polymorphisms［J］. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 20: 374—379
Ren PY, Liu M, Li QJ, 2007. An example of flexistyly in a wild cardamom species Amomum maximum (Zingiberaceae) ［J］. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 267: 147—154
Renner SS, 2001. How common is heterodichogamy? ［J］. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 16: 595—597
Schoen DJ, Ashman TL, 1995. The evolution of floral longevity: resource allocation to maintenance versus construction of repeated parts in modular organisms［J］. Evolution, 49: 131—139
Sun S, Gao JY, Liao WJ et al., 2007. Adaptive significance of flexistyly in Alpinia blepharocalyx (Zingiberaceae): a handpollination experiment［J］. Annals of Botany, 99: 661—666
Sun S, Zhang DY, Ives AR et al., 2011. Why do stigmas move in a flexistylous plant? ［J］. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 24: 497—504
Takano A, Gisil J, Yusoff M et al., 2005. Floral and pollinator behaviour of flexistylous Bornran ginger, Alpinia nieuwenhuizii (Zingiberaceae) ［J］. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 252: 167—173
Wang YQ (王英强), Zhang DX (张奠湘), Chen ZY (陈忠毅), 2005a. Pollination biology of Alpinia hainanensis (Zingiberaceae) ［J］. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica (植物分类学报), 43 (1): 37—49Wang YQ (王英强), Zhang DX (张奠湘), Chen ZY (陈忠毅), 2005b. A preliminary study of the pollination biology of Alpinia oxyphylla (Zingiberaceae) ［J］. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 29 (4): 599—609Wu ZY, Raven PH eds., 2000. Flora of China［M］. Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, 24: 325Zhang L (张玲), Li QJ (李庆军), 2002. Flexistyly and its evolutionary ecological significance［J］. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 26: 385—390Zhang L, Li QJ, Deng XB et al., 2003. Reproductive biology of Alpinia blepharocalyx (Zingiberaceae): another example of flexistyly［J］. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 241: 67—76Zhang DY (张大勇), 2004. The Evolution of Plant Life History and Reproductive Ecology［M］. Beijing: Science Press

[1]	Yuan Wang, Ji Suonan, Kun Liu, Yanni Gao, Sihao Zhu, Qian Liu, Ning Zhao. The third dimension of alpine plant leaf traits is related to cold-tolerance [J]. Plant Diversity, 2025, 47(01): 159-165.
[2]	Yixian Li, Xuyao Zhao, Manli Xia, Xinzeng Wei, Hongwei Hou. Temperature is a cryptic factor shaping the geographical pattern of genetic variation in Ceratophyllum demersum across a subtropical freshwater lake [J]. Plant Diversity, 2024, 46(05): 630-639.
[3]	Jing-Qiu Feng, Ji-Hua Wang, Shi-Bao Zhang. Leaf physiological and anatomical responses of two sympatric Paphiopedilum species to temperature [J]. Plant Diversity, 2022, 44(01): 101-108.
[4]	Xiaoyang Song, Min Cao, Jieqiong Li, Roger L. Kitching, Akihiro Nakamura, Melinda J. Laidlaw, Yong Tang, Zhenhua Sun, Wenfu Zhang, Jie Yang. Different environmental factors drive tree species diversity along elevation gradients in three climatic zones in Yunnan, southern China [J]. Plant Diversity, 2021, 43(06): 433-443.
[5]	Wen-Yun Chen, Tao Su. Asian monsoon shaped the pattern of woody dicotyledon richness in humid regions of China [J]. Plant Diversity, 2020, 42(03): 148-154.
[6]	Li-E Yang, De-Li Peng, Zhi-Min Li, Li Huang, Juan Yang, Hang Sun. Cold stratification, temperature, light, GA₃, and KNO₃ effects on seed germination of Primula beesiana from Yunnan, China [J]. Plant Diversity, 2020, 42(03): 168-173.
[7]	Juan Yan, Menglin Wang, Ling Zhang. Light induces petal color change in Quisqualis indica (Combretaceae) [J]. Plant Diversity, 2018, 40(01): 28-34.
[8]	Deli Peng, Zhe Chen, Xiaojian Hu, Zhimin Li, Bo Song, Hang Sun. Seed dormancy and germination characteristics of two Rheum species in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains [J]. Plant Diversity, 2017, 39(04): 180-186.
[9]	HU Jing, HU Hong. Viewing Leaf Shape and Size Variation in Tobacco Plants under Different Temperatures from a Hydraulic Perspective [J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(2): 168-176.
[10]	HAN Hong-Yan, XIU Ning, LI Shan, ZHANG Xue-Mei. The Effect of Low Temperature during Imbibition on Germination Characteristics of Tetracentron sinense (Tetracentraceae) Seeds [J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(05): 586-594.
[11]	HUANG Wei, HU Hong. Effect of Growth Temperature on the Activity of Cyclic Electron Flow in Tobacco Leaves [J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(03): 283-292.
[12]	LI Xiong, YIN Xin, YANG Shi-Hai, YANG Yun-Qiang, HU Xiang-Yang, YANG Yong-Ping. Effects of Temperatures on Seed Germination Characteristics of Alpine Plant Stipa purpurea (Poaceae)* [J]. Plant Diversity, 2014, 36(06): 698-706.
[13]	LI Xiong, YIN Xin, XI Hou-Cheng, ZHOU Xin-Mao, YANG Yong-Ping. Investigation and Analysis of Impact from High Frost on Vascular Plants in the Kunming Botanical Garden [J]. Plant Diversity, 2014, 36(05): 639-652.
[14]	GUO Liang, HU Bo, DAI Jun-Hu, XU Jian-Chu. Response of Chestnut Flowering in Beijing to Photosynthetically Active Radiation Variation and Change in Recent Fifty Years [J]. Plant Diversity, 2014, 36(04): 523-532.
[15]	HU Jing, YANG Qiu-Yun, YAN Ning, HU Hong. Environmental and Genetic Effects on Leaf Traits in Tobacco [J]. Plant Diversity, 2014, 36(01): 70-76.