Nitrogen mineralization in the oldest climax communities in the eastern Mediterranean region

doi:10.1007/s11676-023-01685-4

Abstract

Abstract:

In this study, we investigated how tree species affect N mineralization in connection to some soil properties and seconder metabolite levels of litter, in the soil of the oldest native forest communities. In the oldest pure communities of Pinus nigra (PN), Fagus orientalis (FO), and Abies bornmuelleriana (AB) in the mountain range of Mount Uludağ, Bursa, Turkey, annual net yield and N mineralization in the 0–5- and 5–20-cm soil layers were determined in a field incubation study over 1 year. Sampling locations were chosen from 1300 to 1600 m a.s.l., and moisture content (%), pH, water-holding capacity (%), organic C, total N, and C/N ratio, and annual net mineral N yield of the soil and hydrolyzed tannic acid and total phenolic compounds in litter were compared for these forest communities. F. orientalis had the highest annual net Nmin yield (43.9 ± 4.8 kg ha^–1 a^–1), P. nigra the lowest (30.5 ± 4.2 kg ha^–1 a^–1). Our findings show that in the oldest forest ecosystems, the seasonal soil moisture content and tree species play an essential role in N cycling and that hydrolyzed tannic acids and total phenolic compounds effectively control N turnover. Tannic acid and total phenolics in the litter were found to inhibit nitrification, but total phenolics were found to stimulate ammonification.

Key words: Oldest forest communities, Nitrogen mineralization, Nitrification, Tannic acid, Total phenolic, Litter

Fatma Selcen Sakar, Gürcan Güleryüz. Nitrogen mineralization in the oldest climax communities in the eastern Mediterranean region[J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2024, 35(1): 30-.

Fatma Selcen Sakar, Gürcan Güleryüz. [J]. 林业研究(英文版), 2024, 35(1): 30-.

References 128

1	Adamczyk B, Adamczyk S, Smolander A, Kitunen V, Simon J. Plant secondary metabolites—missing pieces in the soil organic matter puzzle of boreal forests. Soil Syst, 2018, 2: 1-10, DOI
2	Aerts R, Chapin FS. The mineral nutrition of wild plants revisited: a re-evaluation of processes and patterns. Adv Ecol Res, 2000, 30: 1-67, DOI
3	Akman Y. Climate and bio-climate (Bio-climate methods and Turkey climates), 1990 Ankara Palme Publication and Distribution
4	Andrianarisoa KS, Zeller B, Poly F, Siegenfuhr H, Bienaimé S, Ranger J, Dambrine E. Control of nitrification by tree species in a common-garden experiment. Ecosystems, 2010, 13: 1171-1187, DOI
5	Arslan H, Güleryüz G, Kırmızı S. Nitrogen mineralisation in the soil of indigenous oak and pine plantation forests in a Mediterranean environment. Eur J Soil Biol, 2010, 46: 11-17, DOI
6	Awasthi P, Bargali K, Bargali SS, Khatri K, Jhariya MK. Nutrient partitioning and dynamics in Coriaria nepalensis wall dominated shrublands of degraded hills of Kumaun Himalaya. Front for Glob Change, 2022, 5: 913127, DOI
7	Awasthi P, Bargali K, Bargali SS, Khatri K. Nutrient return through decomposing Coriaria nepalensis litter in degraded hills of Kumaun Himalaya. India Front for Glob Change, 2022, 5: 1008939, DOI
8	Bade C, Jacob M, Jungkunst HF, Leuschner C, Hauck M. Nitrogen mineralization peaks under closed canopy during the natural forest development cycle of an old-growth temperate spruce forest. Ann for Sci, 2015, 72: 67-76, DOI
9	Baldwin IT, Olson RK, Reiners WA. Protein binding phenolics and the inhibition of nitrification in subalpine balsam fir soils. Soil Biol Biochem, 1983, 15: 419-423, DOI
10	Barbier S, Gosselin F, Balandier P. Influence of tree species on understory vegetation diversity and mechanisms involved—A critical review for temperate and boreal forests. For Ecol Manag, 2008, 254: 1-15, DOI
11	Bargali K, Manral V, Padalia K, Bargali SS, Upadhyay VP. Effect of vegetation type and season on microbial biomass carbon in Central Himalayan forest soils, India. Catena (amst), 2018, 171: 125-135, DOI
12	Bargali SS, Padalia K, Bargali K. Effects of tree fostering on soil health and microbial biomass under different land use systems in the Central Himalayas. Land Degrad Dev, 2019, 30: 1984-1998, DOI
13	Bargali SS, Singh SP, Singh RP. Patterns of weight loss and nutrient release from decomposing leaf litter in an age series of eucalypt plantations. Soil Biol Biochem, 1993, 25: 1731-1738, DOI
14	Bauhus J, Paré D, Côté L. Effects of tree species, stand age and soil type on soil microbial biomass and its activity in a southern boreal forest. Soil Biol Biochem, 1998, 30: 1077-1089, DOI
15	Baumler R (2015) Soils. In: Miehe Georg, Pendry Colin A., Chaudhary Ram (eds.) Nepal: An introduction to the natural history, ecology and human environment in the Himalayas. A companion to the flora of Nepal., Edition: 1st. The Royal Botanical Garden, Edinburgh, pp 125–134
16	Becker H, Aosaar J, Varik M, Morozov G, Aun K, Mander Ü, Soosaar K, Uri V. Annual net nitrogen mineralization and litter flux in well-drained downy birch, Norway spruce and Scots pine forest ecosystems. Silva Fenn, 2018, 52: 1-18, DOI
17	Berendse F, Scheffer M. The angiosperm radiation revisited, an ecological explanation for Darwin’s “abominable mystery”. Ecol Lett, 2009, 12: 865-872, DOI
18	Bonito GM, Coleman DC, Haines BL, Cabrera ML. Can nitrogen budgets explain differences in soil nitrogen mineralization rates of forest stands along an elevation gradient?. For Ecol Manag, 2003, 176: 563-574, DOI
19	Booth MS, Stark JM, Rastetter E. Controls on nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems: a synthetic analysis of literature data. Ecol Monogr, 2005, 75: 139-157, DOI
20	Bremner JM, Keeney DR. Steam distillation methods for determination of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite. Anal Chim Acta, 1965, 32: 485-495, DOI
21	Campbell IC, Fuchshuber L. Polyphenols, condensed tannins, and processing rates of tropical and temperate leaves in an Australian stream. J N Am Benthol Soc, 1995, 14: 174-182, DOI
22	Chapin FS. Effects of plant traits on ecosystem and regional processes: a conceptual framework for predicting the consequences of global change. Ann Bot, 2003, 91: 455-463, DOI
23	Chapin FS, Matson PA, Mooney HA. Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology, 2002 New York Springer, DOI
24	Chapman SK, Langley JA, Hart SC, Koch GW. Plants actively control nitrogen cycling: uncorking the microbial bottleneck. New Phytol, 2006, 169: 27-34, DOI
25	Çepel N. Ecological characteristics of Uludağ massif. J Fac Istanbul U Ser B, 1978, 28(2): 15-25
26	Çepel N. Texture and acidity properties of the topsoil of Uludağ National Park. J Fac Istanbul U, 1990, 40: 14-27
27	De Boer W, Kester RA. Variability of nitrification potentials in patches of undergrowth vegetation in primary Scots pine stands. For Ecol Manag, 1996, 86: 97-103, DOI
28	DeLuca TH, Nilsson MC, Zackrisson O. Nitrogen mineralization and phenol accumulation along a fire chronosequence in northern Sweden. Oecologia, 2002, 133: 206-214, DOI
29	Driebe EM, Whitham TG. Cottonwood hybridization affects tannin and nitrogen content of leaf litter and alters decomposition. Oecologia, 2000, 123: 99-107, DOI
30	Eno CF. Nitrate production in the field by incubating the soil in polyethylene bags. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 1960, 24: 277-279, DOI
31	Ergül CC (1987) The anatomical studies on Thlaspi joubertii Hedge. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Uludağ, Bursa, Turkey
32	Fernandez IJ, Simmons JA, Briggs RD. Indices of forest floor nitrogen status along a climate gradient in Maine, USA. For Ecol Manag, 2000, 134: 177-187, DOI
33	Fierer N, Schimel JP, Cates RG, Zou J. Influence of balsam poplar tannin fractions on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Alaskan taiga floodplain soils. Soil Biol Biochem, 2001, 33: 1827-1839, DOI
34	Garten CT. Potential net soil N mineralization and decomposition of glycine-13C in forest soils along an elevation gradient. Soil Biol Biochem, 2004, 36: 1491-1496, DOI
35	Gerlach A (1973) Methodische untersuchungen zur bestimmung der stickstoffnetto-mineralisation. Scripta Geobotanica, Bd 5. Göttingen: Goltze
36	Gökçeoğlu M. N mineralization in volcanic soil under grassland, shrub and forest vegetation in the a region of Turkey. Oecologia, 1988, 77: 242-249, DOI
37	Guckland A, Jacob M, Flessa H, Thomas FM, Leuschner C. Acidity, nutrient stocks, and organic-matter content in soils of a temperate deciduous forest with different abundance of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). J Plant Nutr Soil Sci, 2009, 172: 500-511, DOI
38	Güleryüz G (1992) The studies on the nutrient turnover and productivity at some plants communities of Uludağ alpine region. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Uludağ, Bursa, Turkey
39	Güleryüz G, Everest A. Nitrogen mineralization in the soils of the conifer forest communities in the eastern Mediterranean. Ekoloji, 2010, 19: 51-59, DOI
40	Güleryüz G, Gücel S, Öztürk M. Nitrogen mineralization in a high altitude ecosystem in the Mediterranean phytogeographical region of Turkey. J Environ Biol, 2010, 31: 219-223
41	Güleryüz G, MH, KG, ÖN (2010) Uludağ A2 (A) Bursa: Important plant areas in Turkey: 122 key Turkish botanical sites. In: Özhatay N, Byfield A, Atay S (eds) WWF. Istanbul, Turkey, pp 77–79
42	Güleryüz G, Titrek E, Arslan H. Nitrogen mineralization in the ruderal sub-alpine communities in Mount Uludaǧ, Turkey. Eur J Soil Biol, 2008, 44: 408-418, DOI
43	Hackl E, Bachmann G, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S. Microbial nitrogen turnover in soils under different types of natural forest. For Ecol Manag, 2004, 188: 101-112, DOI
44	Haghverdi K, Kooch Y. Effects of diversity of tree species on nutrient cycling and soil-related processes. CATENA, 2019, 178: 335-344, DOI
45	Hobbie SE. Nitrogen effects on decomposition: a five year experiment in eight temperate sites. Ecology, 2008, 89: 2633-2644, DOI
46	Hobbie SE, Ogdahl M, Chorover J, Chadwick OA, Oleksyn J, Zytkowiak R, Reich PB. Tree species effects on soil organic matter dynamics: the role of soil cation composition. Ecosystems, 2007, 10: 999-1018, DOI
47	Kalburtji KL, Mosjidis JA, Mamolos AP. Litter dynamics of low and high tannin sericea lespedesa plants under field conditions. Plant Soil, 1999, 208: 271-281, DOI
48	Kanerva S (2007) Plant secondary compounds and soil microbial processes in carbon and nitrogen cycling in relation to tree species. Dissertationes Forestales, 52. p 44 https://doi.org/10.14214/df.52
49	Kanerva S, Kitunen V, Kiikkilä O, Loponen J, Smolander A. Response of soil C and N transformations to tannin fractions originating from Scots pine and Norway spruce needles. Soil Biol Biochem, 2006, 38: 1364-1374, DOI
50	Kanerva S, Kitunen V, Loponen J, Smolander A. Phenolic compounds and terpenes in soil organic horizon layers under silver birch, Norway spruce and Scots pine. Biol Fertil Soils, 2008, 44: 547-556, DOI
51	Karki H, Bargali K, Bargali SS. Spatial and temporal trends in soil N-mineralization rates under the agroforestry systems in Bhabhar belt of Kumaun Himalaya, India. Agrofor Syst, 2021, 95: 1603-1617, DOI
52	Karki H, Bargali K, Bargali SS. Dynamics of fine roots and soil nitrogen in Mangifera indica-based agroforestry systems in the Central Himalayan region, India. Land Degrad Dev, 2022, 33: 3523-3538, DOI
53	Kaya Z, Raynal DJ. Biodiversity and conservation of Turkish forests. Biol Conserv, 2001, 97: 131-141, DOI
54	Ketin İ. An overview of the geology of Turkey. Istanbul Tech Univ Publ, 1983, 1259(20–22): 337-341 [in Turkish]
55	Knoepp JD, Vose JM. Regulation of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in Southern Appalachian ecosystems: Separating the relative importance of biotic versus abiotic controls. Pedobiologia (jena), 2007, 51: 89-97, DOI
56	Kraal P, Nierop KGJ, Kaal J, Tietema A. Carbon respiration and nitrogen dynamics in Corsican pine litter amended with aluminium and tannins. Soil Biol Biochem, 2009, 41: 2318-2327, DOI
57	Kraus TEC (2002) Tannins and nutrient dynamics in forest soils: plant-litter-soil interactions. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Davis, CA, pp 182
58	Kraus TEC, Dahlgren RA, Zasoski RJ. Tannins in nutrient dynamics of forest ecosystems-a review. Plant Soil, 2003, 256: 41-66, DOI
59	Kraus TEC, Zasoski RJ, Dahlgren RA, Horwath WR, Preston CM. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a forest soil amended with purified tannins from different plant species. Soil Biol Biochem, 2004, 36: 309-321, DOI
60	Kyveryga PM, Blackmer AM, Ellsworth JW, Isla R. Soil pH effects on nitrification of fall-applied anhydrous ammonia. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 2004, 68: 545-551, DOI
61	Laughlin DC. Nitrification is linked to dominant leaf traits rather than functional diversity. J Ecol, 2011, 99: 1091-1099, DOI
62	LeBauer DS, Treseder KK. Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed. Ecology, 2008, 89: 371-379, DOI
63	Leuschner C, Meier IC, Hertel D. On the niche breadth of Fagus sylvatica: Soil nutrient status in 50 Central European beech stands on a broad range of bedrock types. Ann for Sci, 2006, 63: 355-368, DOI
64	Li M, Zhou XH, Zhang QF, Cheng XL. Consequences of afforestation for soil nitrogen dynamics in central China. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 2014, 183: 40-46, DOI
65	Lovett GM, Weathers KC, Arthur MA, Schultz JC. Nitrogen cycling in a northern hardwood forest: Do species matter?. Biogeochemistry, 2004, 67: 289-308, DOI
66	Makkar HPS (2000) Quantification of tannins in tree foliage. Vienna, Austria, p 31
67	Manral V, Bargali K, Bargali SS, Jhariya MK, Padalia K. Relationships between soil and microbial biomass properties and annual flux of nutrients in Central Himalaya forests, India. Land Degrad Dev, 2022, 33: 2014-2025, DOI
68	Manral V, Bargali K, Bargali SS, Karki H, Chaturvedi RK. Seasonal dynamics of soil microbial biomass C, N and P along an altitudinal gradient in Central Himalaya. India Sustain, 2023, 15: 1651, DOI
69	Manral V, Bargali K, Bargali SS, Shahi C. Changes in soil biochemical properties following replacement of Banj oak forest with Chir pine in Central Himalaya, India. Ecol Process, 2020, 9: 1-9, DOI
70	McCarty GW, Bremner JM. Effects of phenolic compounds on nitrification in soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 1986, 50: 920-923, DOI
71	Mikieleko EFK, Bocko YE, Loubota-Panzou GJ, Loumeto JJ. Fine roots dynamics in two forest strata of a semi-deciduous forest in Northern Republic of Congo. Open J for, 2021, 11: 192-205, DOI
72	Nadelhoffer KJ, Downs MR, Fry B. Sinks for ¹⁵N-enriched additions to an oak forest and a red pine plantation. Ecol Appl, 1999, 9: 72-86, DOI
73	Nadelhoffer KJ, Emmett BA, Gundersen P, Kjønaas OJ, Koopmans CJ, Schleppi P, Tietema A, Wright RF. Nitrogen deposition makes a minor contribution to carbon sequestration in temperate forests. Nature, 1999, 398: 145-148, DOI
74	Nierop KGJ, Preston CM, Verstraten JM. Linking the B ring hydroxylation pattern of condensed tannins to C, N and P mineralization. a case study using four tannins. Soil Biol Biochem, 2006, 38: 2794-2802, DOI
75	Norris CE, Preston CM, Hogg KE, Titus BD. The influence of condensed tannin structure on rate of microbial mineralization and reactivity to chemical assays. J Chem Ecol, 2011, 37: 311-319, DOI
76	Northup RR, Dahlgren RA, McColl JG. Polyphenols as regulators of plant-litter-soil interactions in northern California’s pygmy forest: a positive feedback? Plant-induced soil changes: processes and feedbacks, 1998 Netherlands Springer 189-220
77	Nugroho RA, Röling WFM, Laverman AM, Verhoef HA. Net nitrification rate and presence of Nitrosospira cluster 2 in acid coniferous forest soils appear to be tree species specific. Soil Biol Biochem, 2006, 38: 1166-1171, DOI
78	Nugroho RA, Röling WFM, Laverman AM, Verhoef HA. Low nitrification rates in acid scots pine forest soils are due to pH-related factors. Microb Ecol, 2007, 53: 89-97, DOI
79	Olsson BA, Hansson K, Persson T, Beuker E, Helmisaari HS. Heterotrophic respiration and nitrogen mineralisation in soils of Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch stands in contrasting climates. For Ecol Manag, 2012, 269: 197-205, DOI
80	Owen JS, Wang MK, Wang CH, King HB, Sun HL. Net N mineralization and nitrification rates in a forested ecosystem in northeastern Taiwan. For Ecol Manag, 2003, 176: 519-530, DOI
81	Padalia K, Bargali SS, Bargali K, Khulbe K. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in relation to cropping systems in Central Himalaya, India. Curr Sci, 2018, 115: 1741-1750, DOI
82	Page KL, Dalal RC, Menzies NW, Strong WM. Nitrification in a vertisol subsoil and its relationship to the accumulation of ammonium-nitrogen at depth. Aust J Soil Res, 2002, 40: 727-735, DOI
83	Pandey R, Bargali SS, Bargali K, Karki H, Kumar M, Sahoo UK. Fine root dynamics and associated nutrient flux in Sal dominated forest ecosystems of Central Himalaya, India. Front Glob Change, 2023, 5: 1064502, DOI
84	Pandey R, Bargali SS, Bargali K, Pandey VC. Temporal variability in fine root dynamics in relation to tree girth size in sub-tropical sal (Shorea robusta) forests. Land Degrad Dev, 2023, 34: 1522-1537, DOI
85	Paudel S, Sah JP. Physiochemical characteristics of soil in tropical sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) forests in eastern Nepal. Himal J Sci, 2003, 1: 107-110, DOI
86	Pérez CA, Carmona MR, Aravena JC, Armesto JJ. Successional changes in soil nitrogen availability, non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation and carbon/nitrogen ratios in southern Chilean forest ecosystems. Oecologia, 2004, 140: 617-625, DOI
87	Persch S, Clendenning J, Dawson L, Jourdan C (2015) Fine root dynamics within land-use change from tropical forests to agriculture: A systematic review protocol. Working Paper No. 200. Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 18. https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/005912
88	Persson T, Rudebeck A, Jussy JH, Colin-Belgrand M, Priemé A, Dambrine E, Karlsson PS, Sjöberg RM. Soil nitrogen turnover-mineralisation, nitrification and denitrification in European forest soils. Carbon and nitrogen cycling in European forest ecosystems. Ecological studies, 2000 Berlin Springer 297-311, DOI
89	Prescott CE. Does nitrogen availability control rates of litter decomposition in forests?. Plant Soil, 1995, 168–169: 83-88, DOI
90	Prescott CE, Chappell HN, Vesterdal L. Nitrogen turnover in forest floors of coastal Douglas-fir at sites differing in soil nitrogen capital. Ecology, 2000, 81: 1878-1886, DOI
91	Prescott CE, Corbin JP, Parkinson D. Immobilization and availability of N and P in the forest floors of fertilized Rocky Mountain coniferous forests. Plant Soil, 1992, 143: 1-10, DOI
92	Priha O, Smolander A. Microbial biomass and activity in soil and litter under Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Betula pendula at originally similar field afforestation sites. Biol Fertil Soils, 1997, 24: 45-51, DOI
93	Priha O, Smolander A. Nitrogen transformations in soil under Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Betula pendula at two forest sites. Soil Biol Biochem, 1999, 31: 965-977, DOI
94	Ros GH, Temminghoff EJM, Hoffland E. Nitrogen mineralization: a review and meta-analysis of the predictive value of soil tests. Eur J Soil Sci, 2011, 62: 162-173, DOI
95	Ross DS, Lawrence GB, Fredriksen G. Mineralization and nitrification patterns at eight northeastern USA forested research sites. For Ecol Manag, 2004, 188: 317-335, DOI
96	Runge M. Die stickstoff-mirıeralisatiorı in boden eines sauerhumus-buchenwaldes. I. mineralstickstoff-gehalt und netto-mineralisation. Oecologia Plantarum, 1974, 9: 201-218
97	Sarıyıldız T, Savacı G, Parlak S, Gencal B. Effects of altitude and slope aspect on soil organik carbon, total nitrogen and soil nutrient concentrations and stocks in Uludağ Fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.) stands. ACU J for Fac, 2022, 23: 159-174, DOI
98	Scheu S, Parkinson D. Successional changes in microbial biomass, respiration and nutrient status during litter decomposition in an aspen and pine forest. Biol Fertil Soils, 1995, 19: 327-332, DOI
99	Schimel JP, Van Cleve K, Cates RG, Clausen TP, Reichardt PB. Effects of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) tannins and low molecular weight phenolics on microbial activity in taiga floodplain soil: Implications for changes in N cycling during succession. Can J Bot, 1996, 74: 84-90, DOI
100	Schimel JPS, Bennett J. Nitrogen mineralization: challenges of a changing paradigm. Ecology, 2004, 85: 591-602, DOI
101	Schmidt SK. Degradation of juglone by soil bacteria. J Chem Ecol, 1988, 14: 1561-1571, DOI
102	Schweitzer JA, Bailey JK, Rehill BJ, Martinsen GD, Hart SC, Lindroth RL, Keim P, Whitham TG. Genetically based trait in a dominant tree affects ecosystem processes. Ecol Lett, 2004, 7: 127-134, DOI
103	Scott NA, Binkley D. Foliage litter quality and annual net N mineralization: comparison across North American forest sites. Oecologia, 1997, 111: 151-159, DOI
104	Smolander A, Kanerva S, Adamczyk B, Kitunen V. Nitrogen transformations in boreal forest soils-does composition of plant secondary compounds give any explanations?. Plant Soil, 2012, 350: 1-26, DOI
105	Smolander A, Kitunen V. Soil microbial activities and characteristics of dissolved organic C and N in relation to tree species. Soil Biol Biochem, 2002, 34: 651-660, DOI
106	Smolander A, Kitunen V. Soil organic matter properties and C and N cycling processes: interactions in mixed-species stands of silver birch and conifers. Appl Soil Ecol, 2021, 160: 103841, DOI
107	Souto XC, Chiapusio G, Pellissier F. Relationships between phenolics and soil microorganisms in spruce forests: Significance for natural regeneration. J Chem Ecol, 2000, 26: 2025-2034, DOI
108	Ste-Marie C, Paré D. Soil, pH and N availability effects on net nitrification in the forest floors of a range of boreal forest stands. Soil Biol Biochem, 1999, 31: 1579-1589, DOI
109	Steubing L (1965) Pflanzenökplogisches praktikum. Parey, Berlin-Hamburg
110	Stump LM, Binkley D. Relationships between litter quality and nitrogen availability in Rocky Mountain forests. Can J Forest Res, 1993, 23: 492-502, DOI
111	Swift MJ, Heal OW, Anderson JM. Decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems, 1979 Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications 372
112	Talbot JM, Finzi AC. Differential effects of sugar maple, red oak, and hemlock tannins on carbon and nitrogen cycling in temperate forest soils. Oecologia, 2008, 155: 583-592, DOI
113	Taylor BR, Parkinson D, Parsons WFJ. Nitrogen and lignin content as predictors of litter decay rates: a microcosm test. Ecology, 1989, 70: 97-104, DOI
114	Thoss V, Shevtsova A, Nilsson MC. Environmental manipulation treatment effects on the reactivity of water-soluble phenolics in a subalpine tundra ecosystem. Plant Soil, 2004, 259: 355-365, DOI
115	Tilman D, Wedin D, Knops J. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature, 1996, 379: 718-720, DOI
116	Ullah S, Ai C, Huang SH, Zhang JJ, Jia LL, Ma JC, Zhou W, He P. The responses of extracellular enzyme activities and microbial community composition under nitrogen addition in an upland soil. PLoS ONE, 2019, 14(9): e0223026, DOI
117	Valachovic YS, Caldwell BA, Cromack K, Griffiths RP. Leaf litter chemistry controls on decomposition of Pacific Northwest tress and woody shrubs. Can J Forest Res, 2004, 34: 2131-2147, DOI
118	Venterea RT, Lovett GM, Groffman PM, Schwarz PA. Landscape patterns of net nitrification in a northern hardwood-conifer forest. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 2003, 67: 527-539, DOI
119	Vervaet H, Massart B, Boeckx P, Van Cleemput O, Hofman G. Use of principal component analysis to assess factors controlling net N mineralization in deciduous and coniferous forest soils. Biol Fertil Soils, 2002, 36: 93-101, DOI
120	Vitousek PM, Howarth RW. Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: How can it occur?. Biogeochemistry, 1991, 13: 87-115, DOI
121	Walter H, Lieth LH (1960–1967) Klimadiagramm-weltatlas. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena
122	Wang WJ, Smith CJ, Chalk PM, Chen DL. Evaluating chemical and physical indices of nitrogen mineralization capacity with an unequivocal reference. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 2001, 65: 368-376, DOI
123	Xiao FP, Huang WJ. Soil carbon, nitrogen and microbial biomass dynamics of subalpine Abies fabri forest in Gongga Mountain, Southwest China. Afr J Microbiol Res, 2012, 6: 6091-6098, DOI
124	Zeller B, Recous S, Kunze M, Moukoumi J, Colin-Belgrand M, Bienaimé S, Ranger J, Dambrine E. Influence of tree species on gross and net N transformations in forest soils. Ann for Sci, 2007, 64: 151-158, DOI
125	Zhang JB, Müller C, Zhu TB, Cheng Y, Cai ZC. Heterotrophic nitrification is the predominant NO₃ ^– production mechanism in coniferous but not broad-leaf acid forest soil in subtropical China. Biol Fertil Soils, 2011, 47: 533-542, DOI
126	Zhong ZK, Makeschin F. Differences of soil microbial biomass and nitrogen transformation under two forest types in central Germany. Plant Soil, 2006, 283: 287-297, DOI
127	Zong WZ, Wang J, He YS, Qiu YF, Guo D, Fu H. Net nitrogen mineralization and enzyme activities in an alpine meadow soil amended with litter tannins. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci, 2018, 181: 954-965, DOI
128	Zöttl H. Dynamik der stickstoffmineralisation ım organischen waldbodenmaterial. Plant Soil, 1960, 13: 207-223, DOI

[1]	Andrés Baietto, Andrés Hirigoyen, Jorge Hernández, Amabelia del Pino. Litterfall production modeling based on climatic variables and nutrient return from stands of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden and Pinus taeda L. [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2024, 35(1): 61-.
[2]	Simin Wang, Bo Liu, Rui Li, Xiaoxin Sun, Rong Mao. Temporal changes in mixing effects on litter decay and nitrogen release in a boreal riparian forest in northeastern China [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2024, 35(1): 1-.
[3]	Yue Zhang, Shichen Xiong, Chengming You, Sining Liu, Lixia Wang, Li Zhang, Han Li, Bo Tan, Yang Liu, Zhenfeng Xu. Nitrogen addition promotes foliar litterfall and element return in a subtropical forest, southwestern China [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2023, 34(4): 939-948.
[4]	Pingzhen Gao, Jiaojun Zhu, Qiaoling Yan, Kai Yang, Jinxin Zhang. The amelioration of degraded larch (Larix olgensis) soil depends on the proportion of Aralia elata litter in larch-A. elata agroforestry systems [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2023, 34(4): 1065-1076.