Influence of physical-anatomical wood variables on charcoal physical–mechanical properties

doi:10.1007/s11676-022-01462-9

Abstract

Abstract:

This research assessed the relationship between wood physical-anatomical variables and charcoal physical–mechanical properties. Nine trees were harvested and mechanically processed into standard pieces for laboratory analysis. The following variables were determined: wood density, fiber length and width, fiber lumen diameter and wall thickness, fiber wall fraction, and vessel frequency. The charcoal was produced in a laboratory and gravimetric yield, relative density, and mechanical properties established. Pearson’s correlation coefficients, multivariate statistical analysis of canonical correlation, and principal component analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between wood and charcoal properties. Fiber width was not significantly correlated with charcoal properties. Charcoal bulk density, hardness, and strength were positively correlated with wood density, fiber length, wall thickness, and wall fraction. Charcoal properties were negatively correlated with fiber lumen diameter and vessel frequency. These results will help identify the best wood with adequate physical–mechanical properties for industrial charcoal processing.

Key words: Biomass, Density, Energy, Fiber, Vessel

Allan Motta Couto, Thiago Campos Monteiro, Paulo Fernando Trugilho, José Tarcísio Lima, José Reinaldo Moreira da Silva, Alfredo Napoli, Diego Pierre de Almeida. Influence of physical-anatomical wood variables on charcoal physical–mechanical properties[J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2023, 34(2): 531-538.

Allan Motta Couto, Thiago Campos Monteiro, Paulo Fernando Trugilho, José Tarcísio Lima, José Reinaldo Moreira da Silva, Alfredo Napoli, Diego Pierre de Almeida. [J]. 林业研究(英文版), 2023, 34(2): 531-538.

References 57

1	ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas) (2003) NBR 11941: Madeira—Determinação da densidade básica. Rio de Janeiro
2	Abreu Neto R, de Assis AA, Ballarin A, Hein PRG. Dynamic hardness of charcoal varies according to the final temperature of carbonization. Energy Fuels, 2018, DOI
3	Abreu Neto R, de Assis AA, Ballarin AW, Hein PRG. Effect of final temperature on charcoal stiffness and its correlation with wood density and hardness. SN Appl Sci, 2020, DOI
4	Abreu Neto R, Ramalho FMG, Costa LR, Hein PRG. Estimating hardness and density of wood and charcoal by near-infrared spectroscopy. Wood Sci Technol, 2021, 55: 215-230, DOI
5	Adam JC. Improved and more environmentally friendly charcoal production system using a low-cost retort–kiln (Eco-charcoal). Renew Energy, 2009, 34: 1923-1925, DOI
6	Arantes MDC, Trugilho PF, Lima JT, Carneiro ACO, Alves E, Guerreiro MC. Longitudinal and radial variation of extractives and total lignin content in a clone of Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden × Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake. Cerne, 2011, 17: 283-291, DOI
7	Andrade FWC, Tomazello Filho M, Moutinho VHP. Influence of wood physical properties on charcoal from Eucalyptus spp. Floresta Ambient, 2018, 25: e20150176, DOI
8	Arantes MDC, Trugilho PF, da Silva JRM, Andrade CR. Características do carvão de um clone de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden × Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake. Cerne, 2013, 19: 423-431, DOI
9	Arantes MDC, Trugilho PF, Moulin JC, Goularte SL, Baraúna EEP, Abreu Neto R. Anatomy of charcoal and carbonization effect under Eucalyptus fibers’ dimensions. Floresta Ambient, 2020, 27: e20170643, DOI
10	Assis MR, Brancheriau L, Napoli A, Trugilho PF. Factors affecting the mechanics of carbonized wood: literature review. Wood Sci Technol, 2016, 50: 519-536, DOI
11	Assis CO, Trugilho PF, Goulart SL, Assis MR, Bianchi ML. Efeito da aplicação de nitrogênio na produção e qualidade da madeira e carvão vegetal de um híbrido de Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla. Floresta Ambient, 2017, 25: e00117914, DOI
12	Babich A, Senk D, Fernandez M. Charcoal behaviour by its injection into the modern blast furnace. ISIJ Int, 2010, 50: 81-88, DOI
13	Baraúna EEP, Stallbaun PH, Monteiro TC, Silva TC, Baldin T, Colen F, Arantes MDC. The Effect of Carbonization on the wood anatomy of Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel. BioResources, 2021, 16: 7846-7854, DOI
14	Brito JO, Barrichelo LEG (1977) Correlações entre características físicas e químicas da madeira e a produção de carvão vegetal: I. Densidade e teor de lignina da madeira de eucalipto. Ipef 9–20
15	Brito JO, Barrichelo LEG (1980) Correlação entre propriedades físicas e químicas da madeira e produção de carvão vegetal: 2. Densidade da madeira x densidade do carvão vegetal. Ipef 121–126
16	Castro AFNM, Castro RVO, Carneiro ACO, Santos RC, Carvalho AMML, Trugilho PF, Melo ICNA. Correlations between age, wood quality and charcoal quality of Eucalyptus clones. Rev Árvore, 2016, 40: 551-560, DOI
17	Costa TG, Bianchi M, Protásio TP, Trugilho PF, Pereira AJ. Wood quality of five species from cerrado for production of charcoal. Cerne, 2014, 20: 37-45, DOI
18	Couto AM, Trugilho PF, Napoli A, Lima JT, Silva JRM, Protásio TP. Qualidade do carvão vegetal de Eucalyptus e Corymbia produzido em diferentes temperaturas finais de carbonização. Sci for, 2015, DOI
44	da Silva MF, Fortes MM, Sette Junior CR. Characteristics of wood and charcoal from Eucalyptus clones. Floresta Ambient, 2018, 25: e20160350, DOI
45	da Silva SB, Arantes MDC, Andrade JKB, Andrade CR, Carneiro ACO, Protásio TP. Influence of physical and chemical compositions on the properties and energy use of lignocellulosic biomass pellets in Brazil. Renew Energy, 2020, 147: 1870-1879, DOI
19	de Cruz GKA, da Pio NS, Iwakiri S. Longitudinal and transverse variation in the physical properties of wood red tauari. Floresta Ambient, 2019, DOI
33	de Palermo GPM, de Latorraca JVF, Carvalho AM, Calonego FW, Severo ETD. Anatomical properties of Eucalyptus grandis wood and transition age between the juvenile and mature woods. Eur J Wood Wood Prod, 2015, 73: 775-780, DOI
35	de Protásio TP, Scatolino MV, Araújo ACC, Oliveira AFCF, Figueiredo ICR, Assis MR, Trugilho PF. Assessing proximate composition, extractive concentration, and lignin quality to determine appropriate parameters for selection of superior Eucalyptus firewood. BioEnergy Res, 2019, 12: 626-641, DOI
36	de Protásio TP, Lima MDR, Scatolino MV, Silva AB, Figueiredo ICR, Hein PRG, Trugilho PF. Charcoal productivity and quality parameters for reliable classification of Eucalyptus clones from Brazilian energy forests. Renew Energy, 2021, 164: 34-45, DOI
37	de Protásio TP, Lima MDR, Teixeira RAC, Rosário FS, Araújo ACC, Assis MR, Hein PRG, Trugilho PF. Influence of extractives content and lignin quality of Eucalyptus wood in the mass balance of pyrolysis process. BioEnergy Res, 2021, 14: 175-189, DOI
43	de Santana LGM, dos Santos KNF, Chaibe IDS, Marques BDS, Andrade FWC, Moutinho VHP. Radial variation in extractives content of Amazonian wood Alexa grandiflora. Adv for Sci, 2018, 5: 315-318, DOI
48	de Souza HJPL, Muñoz F, Mendonça RT, Sáez K, Olave R, Segura C, Souza DPL, Protásio TP, Rodríguez-Soalleiro R. Influence of lignin distribution, physicochemical characteristics and microstructure on the quality of biofuel pellets made from four different types of biomass. Renew Energy, 2021, 163: 1802-1816, DOI
20	Dias Júnior AF, Costa DSJ, Andrade AM, Oliveira E, Lana AQ, Brito JO. Quality of Eucalyptus wood grown in Rio de Janeiro state for bioenergy. Floresta Ambient, 2016, 23: 435-442, DOI
21	Fonte APN, Trianoski R, Iwakiri S, dos Anjos RAM. Propriedades físicas e químicas da madeira de cerne e alburno de Cryptomeria japonica. Rev Ciênc Agrovet, 2017, 16: 277-285, DOI
22	Franklin GL. Preparation of thin sections of synthetic resins and wood-resin composites, and a new macerating method for wood. Nature, 1945, 155: 51, DOI
23	Johansen DA. Plant microtechnique. Nature, 1941, DOI
24	Kollmann FFP, Côté WA. Principles of wood science and technology, 1968 Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin Springer, DOI
25	Kwon SM, Kim NH, Cha DS. An investigation on the transition characteristics of the wood cell walls during carbonization. Wood Sci Technol, 2009, 43: 487-498, DOI
26	Lemos A, Garcia R, Lopes JO, Carvalho AM, Latorraca JVF. Madeira de Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson sob aspectos físicos e anatômicos como fatores qualitativos. Floresta Ambient, 2012, 19: 1-8, DOI
27	Longui EL, Pires GT, Freitas MLM, Romeiro D, Florsheim SMB, Zanatto ACS. Genetic versus environmental influence on radial variation in Myracrodruon urundeuva wood. Floresta Ambient, 2017, DOI
28	Loureiro BA, Vieira TAS, Costa LJ, Silva AB, Assis MR, Trugilho PF. Selection of superior clones of Corymbia hybrids based on wood and charcoal properties. Maderas Cienc Tecnol, 2019, 21: 619-630, DOI
29	Monteiro TC, Lima JT, Hein PRG, Silva JRM, Trugilho PF, Andrade HB. Effect of wood anatomical elements in log drying of Eucalyptus and Corymbia. Sci for, 2017, 45: 493-505, DOI
30	Moutinho V, Filho M, Brito JO, Ballarini AW, Andrade FWC. Influence of the wood physical properties on the charcoal physical and mechanical properties. Sci for, 2016, 44: 557-561, DOI
31	Muylaert MS, Sala J, de Freitas MAV. The charcoal production in Brazil—process efficiency and environmental effects. Renew Energy, 1999, 16: 1037-1040, DOI
32	Nisgoski S, de Muñiz GIB, Batista FRR, Mölleken RE. Influence of carbonization temperature on the anatomical characteristics of Ocotea porosa (Nees & Mart. Ex Nees) L. Barroso Wood Sci Technol, 2014, 48: 301-309, DOI
34	Pereira BLC, Carvalho AMML, Oliveira AC, Santos LC, Carneiro ACO, Magalhães MA. Efeito da carbonização da madeira na estrutura anatômica e densidade do carvão vegetal de Eucalyptus. Cienc Florest, 2016, 26: 545-557, DOI
38	Qi Y, Jang JH, Hidayat W, Lee AH, Lee SH, Chae HM, Kim NH. Carbonization of reaction wood from Paulownia tomentosa and Pinus densiflora branch woods. Wood Sci Technol, 2016, 50: 973-987, DOI
39	R Core Team (2019) R: a language and environment for statistical computing
40	Rao RV, Aebischer DP, Denne MP. Latewood density in relation to wood fibre diameter, wall thickness, and fibre and vessel percentages in Quercus robur L. IAWA J, 1997, 18: 127-138, DOI
41	Rodrigues T, Braghini Junior A. Charcoal: a discussion on carbonization kilns. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 2019, 143: 104670, DOI
42	Rosillo-Calle F, Bezzon G (2005) Produção e uso industriais do carvão vegetal. In: Unicamp (ed) Uso da biomassa para a produção de energia na indústria brasileira. Campinas - SP, p 447
46	Soares VC, Bianchi ML, Trugilho PF, Pereira AJ, Höfler J. Correlações entre as propriedades da madeira e do carvão vegetal de híbridos de eucalipto. Rev Arvore, 2014, 38: 543-549, DOI
47	Somerville M, Jahanshahi S. The effect of temperature and compression during pyrolysis on the density of charcoal made from Australian eucalypt wood. Renew Energy, 2015, 80: 471-478, DOI
49	Trugilho PF, Vital B, Regazzi AJ, Gomide JL. Aplicação da análise de correlação canônica na identificação de índices de qualidade da madeira de eucalipto para a produção de carvão vegetal. Rev Árvore, 1997, 21: 259-267
50	Veiga TRLA, Tarcísio Lima J, Monteiro TC, Dessimoni ALA, Rocha MFV. Mechanical properties of individual samples of wood and charcoal from Eucalyptus urophylla and Corymbia citriodora. Sci for Sci, 2018, 46: 107-114, DOI
51	Vieira da Silva R, Lima JT, Monteiro TC, Selvatti TS, Baraúna EEP. Influência da temperatura no rendimento dos produtos da carbonização de Eucalyptus microcorys. Cerne, 2013, 19: 59-64, DOI
52	Wang K, Liu XG, Yang SM, Ma JF, Jin KX, Tian GL. The deposition of carbohydrates and lignin in the cell walls of Calamus simplicifolius during development. Wood Sci Technol, 2021, 55: 1765-1779, DOI
53	Yang HP, Yan R, Chen HP, Lee DH, Zheng CG. Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis. Fuel, 2007, 86: 1781-1788, DOI
54	Zanuncio AJV, Colodette JL, Gomes FJB, Carneiro ACO, Vital BR. Chemical composition of eucalipt wood with different levels of thinning. Cienc Florest, 2013, 23: 755-760, DOI
55	Zanuncio AJV, Monteiro TC, Lima JT, Andrade HB, Carvalho AG. Drying biomass for energy use of Eucalyptus urophylla and Corymbia citriodora logs. BioResources, 2013, 8: 5159-5168, DOI
56	Zanuncio AJV, Carvalho AG, Trugilho PF, Monteiro TC. Extractives and energetic properties of wood and charcoal. Rev Árvore, 2014, 38: 369-374, DOI
57	Zen LR, Magalhães T, Henrique J, Klitzke RJ. Drying methods to evaluate the quality of Eucalyptus sawn timber. Aust J Basic Appl Sci, 2020, 14: 22-30, DOI

[1]	Yuanyuan Wang, Xinzhu Dai, Xingling Chen, Dan Zhang, Guiqing Lin, Yuanhang Zhou, Tianyi Wang, Yulong Cui. Effects of urbanization and forest type on species composition and diversity, forest characteristics, biomass carbon sink, and their associations in Changchun, Northeast China: implications for urban carbon stock improvement [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2024, 35(1): 36-.
[2]	Grace Jones, Maria Ulan, Mateusz Liziniewicz, Johan Lindeberg, Stergios Adamopoulos. Relating estimates of wood properties of birch to stem form, age and species [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2024, 35(1): 14-.
[3]	Xuesen Pang, Chuankuan Wang, Chengjie Ren, Zhenghu Zhou. Afforestation increases microbial diversity in low-carbon soils [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2024, 35(1): 3-.
[4]	Shengwang Meng. Species-specific and generalized allometric biomass models for eight Fagaceae species in the understory of evergreen broadleaved forests in subtropical China [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2024, 35(1): 69-.
[5]	Huibin Yang, Qingxi Guo. Minimum area of primitive broad-leaved Korean pine forest community based on biomass [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2024, 35(1): 127-.
[6]	Jun Pan, Jing Zhang, Xingchang Wang, Xiuwei Wang, Qi Wang, Yankun Liu, Yulong Liu, Yunfei Diao, Xiankui Quan, Chuankuan Wang, Xiaochun Wang. Variations and determinants of tissue carbon concentration of 32 sympatric temperate tree species [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2024, 35(1): 113-.
[7]	Chiharu Migita, Yukihiro Chiba, Tanaka Kenzo. Direct measurement of the three-dimensional distribution of leaf area density and light conditions in a mature oak stand by the cube method [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2023, 34(6): 1817-1827.
[8]	Cristina Pisani, Clive H. Bock, Jennifer Randall. Visual rating and the use of image analysis for assessing canopy density in a pecan provenance collection during leaf fall [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2023, 34(6): 1843-1854.
[9]	Jing Wen, Min Yi, Leiming Dong, Lu Zhang, Siyu Liu, Shenggui Yuan, Xiaoxiao Tao, Meng Lai. Early selection efficiency for fiber dimensions and their relationships with growth and wood quality for Pinus elliottii Engelm. in southern China [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2023, 34(6): 1951-1962.
[10]	Ao Tian, Yanhui Wang, Ashley A. Webb, Pengtao Yu, Xiao Wang, Zebin Liu. Modelling the response of larch growth to age, density, and elevation and the implications for multifunctional management in northwest China [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2023, 34(5): 1423-1436.
[11]	Vinicius Costa Cysneiros, Allan Libanio Pelissari, Sylvio Pellico Netto, Sebastião do Amaral Machado, Afonso Figueiredo Filho. Population structure of Araucaria angustifolia under distinct forest protection status: implications for management and conservation [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2023, 34(5): 1437-1446.
[12]	João Rocha, Ana Quintela, Dalila Serpa, Jan Jacob Keizer, Sérgio Fabres. Water yield and biomass production for on a eucalypt-dominated Mediterranean catchment under different climate scenarios [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2023, 34(5): 1263-1278.
[13]	Xue Sun, Xingchang Wang, Chuankuan Wang, Quanzhi Zhang, Qingxi Guo. Filling the “vertical gap” between canopy tree species and understory shrub species: biomass allometric equations for subcanopy tree species [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2023, 34(4): 903-913.
[14]	Xu Dou, Hongzhou Yu, Jianyu Wang, Fei Li, Qi Liu, Long Sun, Tongxin Hu. Effect of prescribed burning on the small-scale spatial heterogeneity of soil microbial biomass in Pinus koraiensis and Quercus mongolica forests of China [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2023, 34(3): 609-622.
[15]	Juanjuan Zhang, Xinyang Li, Meng Chen, Linjia Huang, Ming Li, Xu Zhang, Yang Cao. Response of plant, litter, and soil C:N:P stoichiometry to growth stages in Quercus secondary forests on the Loess Plateau, China [J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2023, 34(3): 595-607.