Effect of Grass Cultivation on Ammonia Volatility in Peach Orchard Soil

doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.05.012

Abstract

Abstract:

In conventional orchard planting practices， soil ammonia volatilization caused by traditional methods has shown a gradually increasing trend over the years. This study employed a portable closed chamber intermittent pumping method to investigate the effects of grass cultivation on soil ammonia volatilization in peach orchards in Shanghai. Focusing on ammonia emission levels under different vegetation cover conditions in Nanhui Peach Orchard of Pudong New District， three treatments were established： white clover cover cultivation（TM）， conventional fertilization（NM）， and a non-fertilized control（CK）. The research revealed that the annual ammonia volatilization and nitrogen loss rate under NM treatment reached 13.08 kg⋅hm^-2 and 1.15%， respectively， showing 2.91% and 4.55% higher values compared to TM treatment. The control group（CK） exhibited an annual ammonia emission of 4.40 kg⋅hm^-2. No significant difference in ammonia volatilization and nitrogen loss rates was observed between TM and NM treatments. Principal component analysis demonstrated that soil ammonia volatilization in peach orchards was positively correlated with soil ammonium nitrogen（ $N H 4 +$ -N） content and air humidity（RH）， with a particularly strong correlation to $N H 4 +$ -N reaching statistical significance（P<0.01）. Compared with average ammonia emissions from Chinese orchards and typical orchard ammonia volatilization losses in the middle-lower Yangtze River basin， TM treatment reduced the soil ammonia emissions by 12.95% and 76.89% respectively. This experiment confirmed that white clover cover cultivation served as an effective approach to mitigate soil ammonia volatilization in peach orchards. At the same time， the cultivation has the potential of increasing fruit quality.

Key words: peach orchard, grass cover, ammonia volatilization, nitrogen fertilizer, ammonium nitrogen

CLC Number:

A158.3

Tianyou JIANG, Shuoshuo LIANG, Chengqing LI, Liushen HU, Shuai XIONG, Xiyan JI, Meifang HOU, Linkui CAO, Zhimin SHA. Effect of Grass Cultivation on Ammonia Volatility in Peach Orchard Soil[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2025, 45(5): 783-794.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig.1

Table 1

Fig. 2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Table 2

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Fig.9

Table 3

References 40

[1]	LIU L， ZHANG X Y， XU W，et al.Ammonia volatilization as the major nitrogen loss pathway in dryland agro-ecosystems［J］.Environmental Pollution，2020，265：114862.
[2]	FU H， LUO Z B， HU S Y.A temporal-spatial analysis and future trends of ammonia emissions in China［J］.Science of the Total Environment，2020，731：138897.
[3]	ZHANG Y S， LUAN S J， CHEN L L，et al.Estimating the volatilization of ammonia from synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers used in China［J］.Journal of Environmental Management，2011，92（3）：480-493.
[4]	PAN B B， LAM S K， MOSIER A，et al.Ammonia volatilization from synthetic fertilizers and its mitigation strategies：a global synthesis［J］.Agriculture，Ecosystems & Environment，2016，232：283-289.
[5]	YANG W Z， JIAO Y， JIA Y Q.The status of ammonia （NH₃） emissions and achievements of emissions reduction technology in farmland ecosystems ［J］.Journal of Resources and Ecology，2017，8（3）：296-303.
[6]	LIU L， XU W， LU X K，et al.Exploring global changes in agricultural ammonia emissions and their contribution to nitrogen deposition since 1980［J］.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America，2022，119（14）：e2121998119.
[7]	王琛，张秀明，段佳堃，等.中国农畜牧业高分辨率氨排放清单［J］.中国生态农业学报（中英文），2021，29（12）：1973-1980.
	WANG C， ZHANG X M， DUAN J K，et al.A high-resolution ammonia emission inventory for cropland and livestock production in China［J］.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture，2021，29（12）：1973-1980.
[8]	薛文博，许艳玲，唐晓龙，等.中国氨排放对PM_2.5污染的影响［J］.中国环境科学，2016，36（12）：3531-3539.
	XUE W B， XU Y L， TANG X L，et al.Impacts of ammonia emission on PM_2.5 pollution in China［J］.China Environmental Science，2016，36（12）：3531-3539.
[9]	LAM S K， SUTER H， DAVIES R，et al.Direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions from two intensive vegetable farms applied with a nitrification inhibitor［J］.Soil Biology and Biochemistry，2018，116：48-51.
[10]	ZHAO H Y， LAKSHMANAN P， WANG X Z，et al.Global reactive nitrogen loss in orchard systems：a review［J］.Science of the Total Environment，2022，821：153462.
[11]	WEI F Z， ZHENG X D， PAN H，et al.New technologies reduce greenhouse gas emissions from nitrogenous fertilizer in China［J］.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America，2013，110（21）：8375-8380.
[12]	杨广，汪玉，王慎强，等.阳山水蜜桃园肥料投入及不同种植年限土壤养分累积现状［J］.土壤学报，2023，60（6）：1714-1725.
	YANG G， WANG Y， WANG S Q，et al.Characteristics of fertilizer inputs and soil nutrient accumulation in Yangshan juicy peach orchard with different cultivation years［J］.Acta Pedologica Sinica，2023，60（6）：1714-1725.
[13]	WANG J Y， XU P S， LIN H Y，et al.Gaseous reactive nitrogen losses from orchards，vegetables and tea plantations［J］.Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering，2023，10（2）：155-166.
[14]	朱兆良，文启孝.中国土壤氮素［M］.南京：江苏科学技术出版社，1992.
	ZHU Z L， WEN Q X.Nitrogen in soil of China［M］.Nanjing：Jiangsu Science and Technology Publishinghouse，1992.
[15]	朱志军.渭北苹果园施肥制度对氨挥发和温室气体排放的影响［D］.杨凌：西北农林科技大学，2019.
	ZHU Z J.Effects of fertilization system on ammonia volatilization and greenhouse gas emission in Weibei apple orchard［D］.Yangling：Northwest A&F University，2019.
[16]	ABASCAL S A， BUSCHIAZZO D E， MIELNIK L，et al.Nitrogen loss by ammonia volatilization in cultivation of olive orchards fertilized with compost［J］.Eurasian Soil Science，2019，52（10）：1207-1213.
[17]	葛顺峰.苹果园土壤氮素总硝化-反硝化作用和氨挥发损失研究［D］.泰安：山东农业大学，2011.
	GE S F.Study on gross nitrification-denitrification and ammonia volatilization losses in apple orchard［D］.Tai’an：Shandong Agricultural University，2011.
[18]	王艳廷，冀晓昊，吴玉森，等.我国果园生草的研究进展［J］.应用生态学报，2015，26（6）：1892-1900.
	WANG Y T， JI X H， WU Y S，et al.Research progress of cover crop in Chinese orchard［J］.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology，2015，26（6）：1892-1900.
[19]	孟林.果园生草技术［M］.北京：化学工业出版社，2004.
	MENG L.Grass growing techniques in orchards［M］.Beijing：Chemical Industry Press，2004.
[20]	MILGROOM J， AUXILIADORA SORIANO M， GARRIDO J M，et al.The influence of a shift from conventional to organic olive farming on soil management and erosion risk in southern Spain［J］.Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems，2007，22（1）：1-10.
[21]	郭晓睿，宋涛，邓丽娟，等.果园生草对中国果园土壤肥力和生产力影响的整合分析［J］.应用生态学报，2021，32（11）：4021-4028.
	GUO X R， SONG T， DENG L J，et al.Effects of grass growing on soil fertility and productivity of orchards in China：a Meta analysis［J］.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology，2021，32（11）：4021-4028.
[22]	梅柯.典型坡地橘园土壤氨挥发及主要影响因素研究［D］.武汉：华中农业大学，2019.
	MEI K.Study on soil ammonia volatilization and main influencing factors in typical slope orange orchard［D］.Wuhan：Huazhong Agricultural University，2019.
[23]	YANG G， WANG Y， WANG S Q，et al.Legume cover with optimal nitrogen management and nitrification inhibitor enhanced net ecosystem economic benefits of peach orchard［J］.Science of the Total Environment，2023，873：162141.
[24]	刘雅，张晓英，徐秋良.桃园生草栽培优势与技术［J］.河北果树，2022（2）：37-39.
	LIU Y， ZHANG X Y， XU Q L.Advantages and techniques of grass cultivation in peach orchard［J］.Hebei Fruits，2022（2）：37-39.
[25]	ZHANG Z G， WANG J， HUANG W B，et al.Cover crops and N fertilization affect soil ammonia volatilization and N₂O emission by regulating the soil labile carbon and nitrogen fractions［J］.Agriculture，Ecosystems & Environment，2022，340：108188.
[26]	高平生.果树栽培特点与果树管理措施分析［J］.农业科技与发展，2023，2（5）：43-45.
	GAO P S.Analysis of fruit tree cultivation characteristics and fruit tree management measures［J］.Agricultural Technology and Development，2023，2（5）：43-45.
[27]	马震珠，魏倩倩，李尚玮，等.覆盖和埋置白三叶对黄土高原苹果园土壤细菌多样性的影响［J］.水土保持通报，2019，39（5）：143-151.
	MA Z Z， WEI Q Q， LI S W，et al.Effects of covering or burying Trifolium repens on diversity of soil bacteria community in an apple orchard in loess plateau［J］.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation，2019，39（5）：143-151.
[28]	井赵斌，李腾飞，龙明秀，等.生草对猕猴桃果园土壤酶活性和土壤微生物的影响［J］.草业科学，2020，37（9）：1710-1718.
	JING Z B， LI T F， LONG M X，et al.Effects of planted grasses on soil enzyme activities and microbial communities in a kiwifruit orchard［J］.Pratacultural Science，2020，37（9）：1710-1718.
[29]	张玲玲，李青梅，贾梦圆，等.覆盖作物对猕猴桃园土壤氨氧化微生物丰度和群落结构的影响［J］.植物营养与肥料学报，2021，27（3）：417-428.
	ZHANG L L， LI Q M， JIA M Y，et al.Effects of cover crops on gene abundance and community structure of soil ammonia-oxidizing microorganism in a kiwifruit orchard［J］.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers，2021，27（3）：417-428.
[30]	夏永秋，王慎强，孙朋飞，等.长江中下游典型种植业氨排放特征与减排关键技术［J］.中国生态农业学报（中英文），2021，29（12）：1981-1989.
	XIA Y Q， WANG S Q， SUN P F，et al.Ammonia emission patterns of typical planting systems in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and key technologies for ammonia emission reduction［J］.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture，2021，29（12）：1981-1989.
[31]	邢寒冰，董文旭，庞桂斌，等.不同水氮管理对梨园土壤氨挥发的影响［J］.中国生态农业学报（中英文），2021，29（12）：2013-2023.
	XING H B， DONG W X， PANG G B，et al.Effects of different water and nitrogen management on ammonia volatilization in pear orchard soil［J］.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture，2021，29（12）：2013-2023.
[32]	MALHI S S， NYBORG M， HARAPIAK J T.Effects of long-term N fertilizer-induced acidification and liming on micronutrients in soil and in bromegrass hay［J］.Soil and Tillage Research，1998，48（1/2）：91-101.
[33]	ADAMS S N.Some effects of lime，nitrogen and soluble and insoluble phosphate on the yield and mineral composition of established grassland［J］.The Journal of Agricultural Science，1984，102（1）：219-226.
[34]	卢丽丽，吴根义.农田氨排放影响因素研究进展［J］.中国农业大学学报，2019，24（1）：149-162.
	LU L L， WU G Y.Advances in affecting factors of ammonia emission in farmland［J］.Journal of China Agricultural University，2019，24（1）：149-162.
[35]	胡留申，张耀良，王建明，等.上海南汇水蜜桃历史与产业展望［J］.落叶果树，2023，55（4）：10-13.
	HU L S， ZHANG Y L， WANG J M，et al.Historical origin and industrial prospect of Shanghai Nanhui honey peach［J］.Deciduous Fruits，2023，55（4）：10-13.
[36]	胡晓颖，赵杰，唐赵莲.“湖景蜜露”及其早熟、晚熟芽变种的生物学特性观测及产量对比［J］.上海农业科技，2020（2）：58-59.
	HU X Y， ZHAO J， TANG Z L.Observation of biological characteristics and yield comparison of ‘Hujingmilu’ and its early maturing and late maturing bud varieties［J］.Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology，2020（2）：58-59.
[37]	付学琴，杨星鹏，陈登云，等.南丰蜜橘果园生草栽培对土壤团聚体和有机碳特征及果实品质的影响［J］.园艺学报，2020，47（10）：1905-1916.
	FU X Q， YANG X P， CHEN D Y，et al.Effects of sod culture on soil aggregates，organic carbon characteristic and fruit quality of Nanfeng tangerine orchard［J］.Acta Horticulturae Sinica，2020，47（10）：1905-1916.
[38]	张帆，马宗桓，李文芳，等.生草类型对旱作区苹果园土壤营养及果实品质的影响［J］.甘肃农业大学学报，2024（1）：135-143.
	ZHANG F， MA Z H， LI W F，et al.Effects of grass types on soil nutrition and fruit quality of apple orchards in dryland area［J］.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University，2024（1）：135-143.
[39]	刘蝴蝶，郝淑英，曹琴，等.生草覆盖对果园土壤养分、果实产量及品质的影响［J］.土壤通报，2003，34（3）：184-186.
	LIU H D， HAO S Y， CAO Q，et al.Effect of grass cover on soil nutrient and yield and quality of apple［J］.Chinese Journal of Soil Science，2003，34（3）：184-186.
[40]	王波波，王小龙，史祥宾，等.不同行内生草对葡萄果实品质的影响［J］.中国果树，2021（8）：58-61.
	WANG B B， WANG X L， SHI X B，et al.Effect of cover crops in intra-rows of vineyard on grape fruit quality［J］.China Fruits，2021（8）：58-61.

处理 Treatment	基肥 Basal fertilizer		花期肥 Flowering fertilizer	膨果期肥 Expansion fertilizer	氮素总量 Total nitrogen
处理 Treatment	生物有机肥 Bioorganic fertilizer	复合肥 Compound fertilizer	复合肥 Compound fertilizer	复合肥 Compound fertilizer	氮素总量 Total nitrogen
白三叶生草覆盖TM	310.5	110.5	100	100	621
常规施肥NM	310.5	110.5	100	100	621
不施肥CK	0	0	0	0	0

施肥方案 Fertilization plan	处理 Treatment	氨挥发累积量 Accumulated ammonia volatilization/（kg·hm^-2）	氮损失率 Nitrogen loss/%
基肥 Basal fertilization	白三叶生草覆盖TM	1.79±0.40^a	0.24±0.08^a
	常规施肥NM	1.95±1.13^a	0.27±0.22^a
	不施肥CK	0.58±0.02^b
花期肥 Flowering fertilization	白三叶生草覆盖TM	0.48±0.03^a	0.10±0.02^a
	常规施肥NM	0.45±0.02^a	0.08±0.02^a
	不施肥CK	0.35±0.05^b
膨果肥 Expansion fertilization	白三叶生草覆盖TM	0.45±0.04^a	0.14±0.03^a
	常规施肥NM	0.38±0.07^a	0.09±0.05^a
	不施肥CK	0.27±0.01^b
间歇期 Intermittent period	白三叶生草覆盖TM	10.02±1.61^a
	常规施肥NM	10.32±2.89^a
	不施肥CK	3.21±0.55^b
周年 Anniversary	白三叶生草覆盖TM	12.71±1.79^a	1.10±0.24^a
	常规施肥NM	13.08±4.03^a	1.15±0.53^a
	不施肥CK	4.40±0.60^b