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    20 May 2025, Volume 45 Issue 3
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    Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Hyphosphere and Its Importance in Soil Carbon and Nutrient Cycling
    Jan JANSA, Gu FENG, Shilong DUAN, Lin ZHANG
    2025, 45(3):  333-336.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.002
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    Review Article
    Mechanisms and Regulation of Interactions between AM Fungi and Hyphosphere Bacteria in Organic Phosphorus Mineralization
    Wenhui YAN, Shilong DUAN, Lin ZHANG
    2025, 45(3):  345-351.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.005
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    The interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal（AM） fungi and soil bacteria plays a crucial role in plant phosphorus acquisition. This review systematically elucidated the impact of AM fungi-bacteria interactions on soil phosphorus cycling and their regulatory mechanisms. AM fungal hyphal exudates， including sugars， carboxylates， and amino acids， provide carbon sources for bacteria and specifically recruit phosphate-solubilizing bacteria， while the hyphae serve as "mobile bridges" to facilitate bacterial migration. Besides， AM fungi can modulate the structure and function of the hyphosphere microbiome， enriching functional bacteria carrying the phoD gene， enhancing phosphatase activity， and promoting organic phosphorus mineralization. Based on these mechanisms， strategies such as regulating soil C：P ratio and supplementing hyphal exudate components can regulate AM fungi-bacteria interactions and improve soil phosphorus utilization efficiency.

    Dark Septate Endophytes: Important Partners of Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Genomic Signatures for Adaptation
    Zhongfeng LI, Zhiyong ZHU, Zhilin YUAN
    2025, 45(3):  352-360.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.006
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    Dark septate endophytes（DSEs） constitute an important component of root-associated mycobiome and typically develop microsclerotia-like structures in cortical cells. Generally， DSEs perform functions similar to those of mycorrhizal fungi in promoting plant growth， nutrient uptake and stress tolerance. Under certain extreme environments， the abundance of DSEs often exceeds that of mycorrhizal fungi. In this review article， we first summarized the species diversity， basic biological traits and eco-physiological functions played by DSEs， an important component of root-associated mycobiome. We then mainly focused on the advances concerning mechanisms underlying plant-DSEs mutualism as well as genomic signatures and evolutionary adaptation of DSEs. Together， our understanding of more adaptive potentials of DSEs and their extended effects on improving plant abiotic tolerance emerged. Promisingly， the development of robust DSE inoculants used for ecological restoration of soils and improvement of plant productivity in agro-forestry systems under stressful environment was briefly discussed.

    Progress of Research on Culture and Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
    Boyan WANG, Jin CHEN, Qixiu CHENG, Yueming BAO, Haining WANG, Rui QIN, Xiaoyu LI
    2025, 45(3):  361-370.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.007
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    Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） are one of the crucial microbial communities in the soil ecosystem. Researches on AMF reproductive techniques and their applications in practice have profound significance for elevating agricultural production efficiency and sustainability. This paper reviewed the latest research advancements in the symbiotic mechanism of AMF and its application in propagation systems and microbial inoculants. It explored the molecular mechanism through which AMF establish symbiotic relationships with plant roots； analyzed the optimization strategies for AMF propagation systems， encompassing key factors such as aseptic culture techniques， substrate selection， and environmental control； discussed the application potential of AMF inoculants in actual production， including enhancing crop yields， strengthening plant stress resistance， and improving soil structure. It highlighted the practical issues existing in the current application domains of AMF and the future research directions. The purpose was to offer a reference for further comprehension of the significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and lay the foundation for the development of novel microbial inoculants and their application in agricultural ecosystems in the future.

    Progress on Interaction of Invasive Plants and Mycorrhizal Fungi and Its Effect on Soil Nitrogen Cycling
    Xi LIU, Hongyuan HUANG, Shengchang YI, Yadi YU, Hao WANG, Xiaokang NI, Yuli HU, Ling ZHANG
    2025, 45(3):  371-385.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.008
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    In the context of global climate change， the phenomenon of plant invasion has been increasingly intensified. Invasive plants affect biodiversity by reducing local species， altering soil microbial community structure and composition， and impacting ecosystem structure and function， which significantly modifies ecological processes such as soil nitrogen cycling. Soil nitrogen cycling is a crucial component of ecosystem nutrient cycling， influencing nitrogen supply and distribution within ecosystems. Both global climate change and plant invasion are altering the efficiency and pathways of soil nitrogen cycling. Mycorrhizae， as an important symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots， play a vital role in the soil nitrogen cycle. However， there is still a lack of systematic research and in-depth understanding of the impact of mycorrhizal interactions with invasive plants on soil nitrogen cycling. This review summarized recent progress in research on the interaction between invasive plants and mycorrhizal fungi in the context of soil nitrogen cycling， focusing on mechanisms such as the regulation of soil microbial communities， the effects on soil nitrification， denitrification， and related soil enzyme activities， and alterations in soil physicochemical properties that influence soil nitrogen cycling. Additionally， the paper proposed future research directions. This study provided new perspectives for understanding the role of invasive plants in global soil nitrogen cycling and offered theoretical support for invasive plant management and nitrogen cycling response evaluation as affected by plant invasions.

    Advances in Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Functional Mechanisms in Walnuts
    Yongjie XU, Zuoping TAN, Qiangsheng WU, Xiaoqing LIU, Xiaohong XU
    2025, 45(3):  386-392.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.009
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    Walnut（Juglans） is an important economic forest tree species in the world， whose growth and development are associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF）. The rhizosphere of walnuts is rich in AMF populations， with multiple species in ten genera. Planting patterns（e.g.， intercropping） and soil nutrients have an impact on AMF diversity in the walnut rhizosphere. However， deep-rooted walnut trees serve as a reservoir for AMF propagules， allowing for efficient nutrient（e.g.， phosphorus and carbon） redistribution among surrounding plants through the common mycorrhizal network. This review elucidated the mechanisms by which AMF enhanced walnut growth and survival， promoted nutrient（particularly phosphorus） uptake， and increased drought tolerance. It also explored the potential of AMF in enhancing and transferring juglone， a key secondary metabolite in walnuts. The paper concluded with a perspective on the study of walnut mycorrhizae.

    Original Paper
    Growth and Physiological Responses of Ancient Celtis sinensis Seedlings to the Inoculation of Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
    Wu LIU, Yaying YANG, Ning GONG, Ziwei ZOU, Yi WANG, Baodong CHEN, Qiong WANG, Wei LIU
    2025, 45(3):  393-405.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.010
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    Ancient trees in urban areas are affected by their own and environmental factors， resulting in growth restriction. Inoculation with indigenous dominant arbuscular mycorrhizal（AM） fungi in the rhizosphere soil of ancient trees may be a new method of ancient tree rejuvenation. Two indigenous AM fungal mycorrhizal agents（Claroideoglomus lamellosum and Funneliformis mosseae） were screened and propogated from the rhizosphere soil of Celtis sinensis trees in Shanghai， and were verified by inoculation into pots of C. sinensis seedlings. The results showed that plant height， stem diameter and leaf area of the inoculated seedlings increased significantly compared to the control， and the number of leaves also increased significantly. The mixed inoculation had a significant effect on the biomass of the whole plant and number of root tips. The accumulation of nitrogen（N） and phosphorus（P） nutrients， photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll content of the seedlings were improved as compared with that of the control， respectively. Inoculation with both strains enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， peroxidase （POD）， and catalase （CAT） in leaves and enhanced the resistance of live seedlings. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of the fuzzy membership function， an optimal inoculation strategy for promoting the growth of ancient C. sinensis seedlings was identified as FM+CL. This work provided a valuable reference for the application of indigenous AM fungi agents in the rejuvenation of ancient trees.

    Identification of the Maize GLP Family Genes and Their Expression in Response to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
    Jianhui CHUN, Wenlong DONG, Yuanchao TU, Fang LIU, Yunjian XU
    2025, 45(3):  406-418.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.011
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    Germin-like proteins （GLPs） are a class of highly conserved stress-responsive proteins that can specifically respond to symbiotic interactions. This study， based on the whole-genome information of maize B73， used bioinformatics approaches to identify and analyze the characteristics of the ZmGLP gene family. The expression patterns of ZmGLP genes during arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） symbiosis were examined by using transcriptome data. This study identified a total of 45 ZmGLP genes， which were distributed across nine chromosomes， with 25 of the genes being tandem duplications. By analysis of a phylogenetic tree， ZmGLP genes were classified into five distinct subfamilies. Notably， there were significant differences in tissue expression patterns among different ZmGLP genes. Promoter cis-element analysis showed that ZmGLP promoters contained elements responsive to light， stress， and growth and development. Interestingly， the promoter of ZmGLP4-8 contained the mycorrhiza-responsive element MYCS， and 20 ZmGLP promoters contained the potential mycorrhiza-responsive element GCCGGC. Analysis of transcriptome data from maize roots at different days after inoculation with AMF revealed that the expression of 12 ZmGLP genes was significantly changed following inoculation with AMF. Among them， ZmGLP3-3， ZmGLP4-8， ZmGLP4-16， ZmGLP4-20， ZmGLP5-1， and ZmGLP6-1 were significantly upregulated in expression during the late stage of symbiosis. These genes were located in different evolutionary branches compared to the reported symbiosis-related GLP genes， suggesting that these genes may be involved in functions related to the late stage of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Functional studies of ZmGLP3-3 showed that， compared to wild-type maize plants， the mycorrhizal symbiosis rate of the mutant zmglp3-3 was significantly reduced. In summary， this study provided a comprehensive theoretical basis for the exploration of symbiosis-related ZmGLP genes in maize， offering insights into their potential roles and functions in plant-fungal interactions.

    Effects of the Symbiosis between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Fraxinus malacophylla on Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Carbon Component Content in Karst Rocky Desertification Soils
    Shuang LUO, Shaojun WANG, Mengjie LAN, Rui LI, Jiahui XIA, Shengqiu YANG, Xiaofei GUO
    2025, 45(3):  419-432.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.012
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    This study aimed to explore the influence of changes in soil physicochemical properties caused by arbuscular mycorrhiza（AM） symbiosis on carbon component accumulation in Karst rocky desertification soils. Native tree species Fraxinus malacophylla was selected as the host plant. Four AM inoculation treatments were set up as following： Funneliformis mosseae+agro-bio-fertilizer（FM）， Claroideoglomus etunicatum+agro-bio-fertilizer（CE）， Rhizophagus intraradices + agro-bio-fertilizer（RI）， and control（CK， only agro-bio-fertilizer and without AM fungi inoculation）. The coupling relationship between the temporal-spatial dynamics of carbon components（total organic carbon， microbial biomass carbon， and readily oxidizable organic carbon） contents and soil physicochemical properties under inoculation treatments was explored. The results showed that：（1） AM fungal inoculation significantly increased the accumulation of soil carbon components（P<0.05）. Compared with the control， the average increment of soil carbon components under inoculation treatments was ranked as： RI（38.05%-139.34%）>CE（19.96%-88.52%）>FM（9.56%-22.95%）.（2）The seasonal changes of each carbon component content under inoculation treatments presented a “single peak” pattern， with the maximum peak appearing in June. The content of each carbon component decreased along with soil profile， and the amplitude of CE was the largest（15.70%-67.44%）.（3）AM fungal inoculation significantly affected the accumulation of organic carbon components due to significant changes in soil temperature and water content（P<0.05）. Compared with the control， the ratio of increase in soil temperature and water content under inoculation treatments was listed in a decreasing order of RI>CE>FM. Polynomial regression analysis indicated that total organic carbon content in soils significantly increased with the increase of soil temperature and water content（P<0.05）. The explanatory powers of soil temperature and water content on the changes of soil carbon pool were different under different inoculation treatments， of which the explanatory power of soil temperature was listed in a decreasing order： RI（94.55%）>CE（93.47%）>FM（90.49%）； that of soil water content： RI（95.01%）>CE（90.06%）>FM（88.11%）.（4）Under inoculation treatments， soil organic carbon content was correlated negatively with soil pH and bulk density， and significantly positively with soil carbon components， soil temperature， water content， content of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen， colonization rate， and hyphal lodge density（P<0.05）. The principal component results indicated that soil carbon components， soil water content， and soil temperature were the main factors affecting accumulation of soil organic carbon content. Therefore， AM fungi symbiosis with F. malacophylla mainly significantly regulated the temporal-spatial dynamics of carbon pool accumulation in rocky desertification soil by mediating changes in soil carbon and nitrogen contents.

    Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-ultraviolet Radiation, and Antibacterial Functions of Endophytic Extracts from Different Plant Sources
    Kunlin ZOU, Siyuan JIANG, Yajing WEI, Shun ZHANG, Peng LI, Jing YIN
    2025, 45(3):  433-446.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.013
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    This study evaluated the antioxidant， antimicrobial， UV radiation resistance properties， and secondary metabolite content of fermented extracts from 20 endophytic fungi of diverse plant origins to assess their potential in cosmetic applications. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging rates of fermentation broths and mycelial extracts were measured using microplate reader colorimetry， while ferric ion reduction capacity was determined via FRAP assay. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the Oxford cup method. The results indicated strong antioxidant activity in fermentation broths of strains XY1， YZ6， ZJ29， XG4-2， and ZBS49. ZJ29 exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging rate （93.62%）， while XY1 showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging rate （90.47%）. ZJ29 fermentation broth also demonstrated an ABTS radical scavenging rate >50% and the highest FRAP value （2 974.55 μmol⋅L-¹）. Tyrosinase inhibition by ZJ29 and ZL18-1 mycelial extracts reached 60.62% and 98.10%， respectively， with ZJ29 fermentation broth showing the strongest inhibition（69.78%）. ZJ29 fermentation broth exhibited the highest inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. The UVA and UVB absorbance of YZ6 and ZJ29 was higher than 2.8， and the UVA absorbance of YZ6 and ZJ29 was higher than 2.0 and 1.5， respectively. YZ6 mycelial extract also showed strong resistance to UVB and UVA， with absorbance of 1.5-2.5. YH3 and XY1 mycelial extracts contained the higher polyphenol （18.47 and 15.36 mg⋅g-¹） and flavonoid （4.35 and 7.15 mg⋅g-¹） content， respectively. ZL23 and ZJ29 had the higher triterpene content （16.79 and 11.20 mg⋅g-¹， respectively）. In conclusion， ZJ29 mycelial extracts had superior antimicrobial， UV radiation resistance， and antioxidant activities， followed by YZ6 and XY1， highlighting their significant potential for daily chemical products.

    The Effects of Mixed Eucalyptus Plantations with Different Mycorrhizal Tree Species on Soil Microbial Community
    Yaxin WANG, Yuan ZHU, Sen MENG, Angang MING, Hongyan JIA, Fangcuo QIN, Junkun LU
    2025, 45(3):  447-459.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.014
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    Mixed-species plantations can promote soil nutrient cycling， productivity， and ecosystem functions. Mycorrhizal associations play important roles in affecting species coexistence and nutrient cycling in mixed plantations. However， our understanding on the effects of mixed tree species with different mycorrhizal types on soil microbial community associated with soil nutrients of Eucalyptus plantations remains limited. In this study， we conducted metagenomic sequencing to investigate the changes in soil microbial community structure and functions， co-occurrence networks between bacteria and fungi， and their relationships with soil nutrients for one monospecific Eucalyptus plantation and three mixed Eucalyptus plantations with different mycorrhizal tree species， including Dalbergia odorifera（arbuscular mycorrhizal and N2-fixing， AM-NF）， Michelia macclurei（arbuscular mycorrhizal， AM）， and Quercus acutissima（ectomycorrhizal， ECM）. The results indicated that the mixed stands significantly increased the richness of soil microbial community， enhanced the abundance of genes related to soil nutrient cycling， and increased the complexity of microbial co-occurrence networks. The mixed plantations of Eucalyptus with D. odorifera had the highest soil microbial richness， relative abundance of bacterial community associated with aerobic chemoheterotrophy and fermentation， and the modularity of fungal-bacterial co-occurrence network； meanwhile， either the bacterial or fungal communities were significantly different from the other three plantations. The mixed Eucalyptus plantations with M. macclurei or Q. acutissima species had the highest abundance of microbial functional genes such as hydrocarbon degradation， nitrogen fixation， and methanotrophy. In addition， the microbial co-occurrence networks in the mixed Eucalyptus plantations with Q. acutissima have the highest number of edges， average degree， and network stability. The richness of key microbes in co-occurrence networks was closely correlated with soil NO3- level. However， the richness of microbial community of the networks in the mixed Eucalyptus plantations with D. odorifera and M. macclurei was largely associated with soil NH4+ level.

    Response of Pinus Koraiensis Growth and Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity to Lepista nuda Inoculation
    Yanyan PAN, Xiaoguang LI, Lijun LIU, Hong LI, Xin ZHONG, Yifei ZHANG
    2025, 45(3):  460-470.  doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.015
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    This study investigated the effects of Lepista nuda inoculation at different doses on the growth of Pinus koraiensis seedlings and rhizosphere soil enzyme activity， aiming to provide technical support for cultivating mycorrhizal P. koraiensis seedlings and forestation. Four-year-old P. koraiensis seedlings were treated with four doses of L. nuda inoculant. Growth parameters， soil nutrient content， and rhizosphere soil enzyme activity were measured and analyzed. Correlation analysis was conducted to elucidate the responses of seedling growth and soil enzyme activity to L. nuda colonization. Key findings were that： （1）L. nuda colonization significantly enhanced seedling growth， at an optimal dose of 150 g⋅plant-1， plant height， ground diameter， fresh weight， and dry weight increased by 29.07%， 25.69%， 38.16%， and 57.44%， respectively， compared to the control. Mycorrhizal colonization rate and root activity increased significantly in the inoculation treatment compared to the control. （2）Inoculation treatments exhibited higher soil nutrient content than the control， at a dose of 150 g⋅plant-1， the content of soil organic matter， available nitrogen， total nitrogen， total phosphorus， and available phosphorus increased by 60.67%， 31.46%， 35.23%， 72.22%， and 35.91%， respectively. （3）All doses of L. nuda inoculationenhanced rhizosphere soil enzyme activity， with the maximum increment at a dose of 150 g⋅plant-1. （4）Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between mycorrhizal colonization rate and root activity， biomass（dry/fresh weight）， growth parameters（height/diameter）， the contents of soil organic matter， total nitrogen/phosphorus， available nitrogen， and activities of sucrase， urease， and phosphatase. Soil available phosphorus content was positively correlated with phosphatase activity， while available nitrogen content was positively correlated with content of soil organic matter， and activities of urease and phosphatase. In conclusion， L. nuda inoculation markedly promoted P. koraiensis growth by regulating soil enzyme activity and nutrient cycling， with 150 g⋅plant-1 identified as the optimal inoculation dose. The findings of this study provided valuable references for the cultivation of mycorrhizal P. koraiensis seedlings and improvement of forest soil quality.