Climatic niche divergence and long-distance dispersal contributed to the pantropical intercontinental disjunctions of a liana lineage (Uncaria, Rubiaceae)

doi:10.1016/j.pld.2025.05.001

Plant Diversity ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (05): 772-783.DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2025.05.001

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Climatic niche divergence and long-distance dispersal contributed to the pantropical intercontinental disjunctions of a liana lineage (Uncaria, Rubiaceae)

Xian-Han Huang (黄先寒)^a,b, Jing-Yi Peng (彭敬宜)^a,b,c, Nan Lin (林楠)^a,b,d, Jian Liu (刘健)^b, Jun-Tong Chen (陈俊通)^a,b, Qun Liu (刘群)^a,b, Xin-Jian Zhang (张信坚)^a,b, Quan-Sheng Fu (付全升)^a,b, Peng-Rui Luo (罗芃睿)^a,b, Zhi-Yu Wang (王治宇)^a,b, Shiou Yih Lee^e, Qiang Zhou (周强)^c, Hang Sun (孙航)^a,b, Tao Deng (邓涛)^a,b

a. Yunnan International Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity of Central Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China;
b. State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China;
c. College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, Hunan, China;
d. College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China;
e. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

Received:2024-11-07 Revised:2025-04-21 Online:2025-09-29 Published:2025-09-29
Contact: Hang Sun,E-mail:sunhang@mail.kib.ac.cn;Tao Deng,E-mail:dengtao@mail.kib.ac.cn
Supported by:
We are grateful to the Herbarium of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN), the Missouri Botanical Garden (MO), and the Queensland Herbarium (BRI) for their help in providing some of the sample material. Thanks to Jian-Wen Zhang (Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Min-Shu Song (Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Liang Zhang (Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Zhi-Qiong Mo (Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Dai-Gui Zhang (Jishou University), Andrew Franks (Queensland Herbarium), Francis Jason Nge (the University of Adelaide), Jürgen Kellermann (the State Herbarium of South Australia), David E. Boufford (Harvard University Herbaria), and Sergei Volis (Institute of Botany, Academy Sciences of Uzbekistan) for additional assistance on this work. This study was funded equally by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32322006 and 32100187) and the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program (2024QZKK0200), as well as by the Key Projects of the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U23A20149), the Key R&D Program of Yunnan Province (202103AF140005 and 202101BC070002), the Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Talent and Platform Plan (202305AM070005), the Key Specialized Research and Development Breakthrough Program in Henan Province (232102110237), the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (242300421572), and the Strategic Biological Resources Capacity Building Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-BRP-017-08).

Climatic niche divergence and long-distance dispersal contributed to the pantropical intercontinental disjunctions of a liana lineage (Uncaria, Rubiaceae)

a. Yunnan International Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity of Central Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China;
b. State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China;
c. College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, Hunan, China;
d. College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China;
e. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

通讯作者: Hang Sun,E-mail:sunhang@mail.kib.ac.cn;Tao Deng,E-mail:dengtao@mail.kib.ac.cn
基金资助:
We are grateful to the Herbarium of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN), the Missouri Botanical Garden (MO), and the Queensland Herbarium (BRI) for their help in providing some of the sample material. Thanks to Jian-Wen Zhang (Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Min-Shu Song (Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Liang Zhang (Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Zhi-Qiong Mo (Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Dai-Gui Zhang (Jishou University), Andrew Franks (Queensland Herbarium), Francis Jason Nge (the University of Adelaide), Jürgen Kellermann (the State Herbarium of South Australia), David E. Boufford (Harvard University Herbaria), and Sergei Volis (Institute of Botany, Academy Sciences of Uzbekistan) for additional assistance on this work. This study was funded equally by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32322006 and 32100187) and the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program (2024QZKK0200), as well as by the Key Projects of the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U23A20149), the Key R&D Program of Yunnan Province (202103AF140005 and 202101BC070002), the Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Talent and Platform Plan (202305AM070005), the Key Specialized Research and Development Breakthrough Program in Henan Province (232102110237), the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (242300421572), and the Strategic Biological Resources Capacity Building Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-BRP-017-08).

Abstract

Abstract: The formation of pantropical intercontinental disjunction (PID) in plants has generally been attributed to vicariance, boreotropical migration, and long-distance dispersal. However, this pattern has primarily been examined in herbs, shrubs, and trees, and less commonly studied in interlayer plant taxa. Here we examined evolutionary processes that resulted in the PID of a pantropical woody liana, Uncaria (Rubiaceae). We first constructed a comprehensive phylogeny by employing 73 plastid protein-coding sequences from 29 accessions of Uncaria (including 16 newly sequenced) from different continents. We then inferred divergence time, history and ecological niche evolution of this genus. Our results showed that Uncaria consisted of four well-supported clades that belonged to two geographically distinct lineages: the Asia-Oceania lineage and the Afro-Neotropical lineage. Biogeographic reconstruction showed this genus likely originated in Asia during the early Miocene (ca. 19.03 Ma) and the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum may have triggered the early diversification of Uncaria. Due to its recent origin and small seeds with long wings, wind or water-mediated long-distance dispersal may have contributed to the distribution of Uncaria in tropical Oceania (via stepping-stone dispersal) and tropical Africa and America (by transoceanic dispersal). Our findings also indicate that diversification of Uncaria was primarily driven by ecological niche divergence, particularly climatic factors. Our study emphasizes the dual role of climatic niche divergence and long-distance dispersal in shaping the PID of Uncaria, providing references for many other extant lineages with similar distributions.

Key words: Niche evolution, Long-distance dispersal, Pantropical intercontinental disjunction, Miocene, Woody lianas, Uncaria

摘要： The formation of pantropical intercontinental disjunction (PID) in plants has generally been attributed to vicariance, boreotropical migration, and long-distance dispersal. However, this pattern has primarily been examined in herbs, shrubs, and trees, and less commonly studied in interlayer plant taxa. Here we examined evolutionary processes that resulted in the PID of a pantropical woody liana, Uncaria (Rubiaceae). We first constructed a comprehensive phylogeny by employing 73 plastid protein-coding sequences from 29 accessions of Uncaria (including 16 newly sequenced) from different continents. We then inferred divergence time, history and ecological niche evolution of this genus. Our results showed that Uncaria consisted of four well-supported clades that belonged to two geographically distinct lineages: the Asia-Oceania lineage and the Afro-Neotropical lineage. Biogeographic reconstruction showed this genus likely originated in Asia during the early Miocene (ca. 19.03 Ma) and the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum may have triggered the early diversification of Uncaria. Due to its recent origin and small seeds with long wings, wind or water-mediated long-distance dispersal may have contributed to the distribution of Uncaria in tropical Oceania (via stepping-stone dispersal) and tropical Africa and America (by transoceanic dispersal). Our findings also indicate that diversification of Uncaria was primarily driven by ecological niche divergence, particularly climatic factors. Our study emphasizes the dual role of climatic niche divergence and long-distance dispersal in shaping the PID of Uncaria, providing references for many other extant lineages with similar distributions.

关键词: Niche evolution, Long-distance dispersal, Pantropical intercontinental disjunction, Miocene, Woody lianas, Uncaria

Xian-Han Huang (黄先寒), Jing-Yi Peng (彭敬宜), Nan Lin (林楠), Jian Liu (刘健), Jun-Tong Chen (陈俊通), Qun Liu (刘群), Xin-Jian Zhang (张信坚), Quan-Sheng Fu (付全升), Peng-Rui Luo (罗芃睿), Zhi-Yu Wang (王治宇), Shiou Yih Lee, Qiang Zhou (周强), Hang Sun (孙航), Tao Deng (邓涛). Climatic niche divergence and long-distance dispersal contributed to the pantropical intercontinental disjunctions of a liana lineage (Uncaria, Rubiaceae)[J]. Plant Diversity, 2025, 47(05): 772-783.

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Climatic niche divergence and long-distance dispersal contributed to the pantropical intercontinental disjunctions of a liana lineage (Uncaria, Rubiaceae)

Climatic niche divergence and long-distance dispersal contributed to the pantropical intercontinental disjunctions of a liana lineage (Uncaria, Rubiaceae)

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