经典植物分类学的发展与iFlora

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1143.2012.12144

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

简要介绍了经典植物分类的基础工作，即鉴定、描述、命名和分类，以及发展动向。作者认为计算机辅助鉴定（如deltaintkey）将成为形态鉴定的常规手段；模式识别技术是植物图像鉴定的发展方向；突出物种遗传本质的分子鉴定将成为植物物种鉴定的核心。DELTA系统或类似的符合计算机逻辑的分类学描述语言将成为新一代植物志（iFlora）的基本语言。近20年来，一些学者逐渐表现出对现行植物命名法规的质疑和修改意愿，特别是生物法规草案（Draft BioCode）和谱系法规（PhyloCode）两个试行法规的诞生。它们促进对法规的革新与完善，并在iFlora中得以体现。以APG系统为代表的分子系统发育研究已经成为植物系统分类研究的主流，但在物种层面，物种的界定仅仅依靠分子信息显然是不够的，而必须运用综合的特征性状信息进行分析解读，真正实现物种在形态、遗传信息等综合性状的融合统一。了解和掌握这些新的技术和研究成果，无疑对于iFlora设计和编研有着重要的参考意义，而基于新技术和新理念的iFlora也将成为植物分类最新发展成果的集中体现。

关键词: 经典分类, 植物鉴定, 形态描述, 植物命名, 系统分类, 新一代植物志

Abstract:

The paper briefly introduces four basic parts in classical plant taxonomy: identification, description, nomenclature and classification. First, identification: Interactive identification (like deltaintkey) is one mean of morphological identification; pattern recognition could be applied to photographic identification; the core of species identification is the molecular identification which reveals the hereditary essence of species. Second, description: DELTA System or analogous systems whose language is aligned with logical computer will be the basic language of the nextgeneration Flora (iFlora). Third, nomenclature: the last 20 years have witenessed some challenges and the desire for change of the ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, which is now the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants). Two typical examples are the Draft BioCode and PhyloCode. The attempts will promote the change of nomenclatural rules, which likely to be reflected in iFlora. Fourth, classification: the molecular phylogenetic systems, represented by the APG System (progressing through APGI, II, and III), is becoming the dominant system of plant classification. However, at the species level, the genetic information cannot stand alone for the definition of a species. We need access to comprehensive information of characters, which will also promote the uniting of morphological traits, genetic traits, distribution data and other information. Familiarization with and mastering of these new techniques and ideas are essential. Undoubtedly, this integration will provide an important reference point for the design and compilation of the iFlora. In the coming decade, iFlora will be the embodiment of the achievements of modern plant taxonomy.

Key words: Classical taxonomy, Description, Identification, Nomenclature, Systematics, iFlora

中图分类号:

Q 949，Q 948.2

方伟, 刘恩德. 经典植物分类学的发展与iFlora[J]. Plant Diversity, 2012, 34(6): 532-538.

FANG Wei, LIU En-De. The Development of Classical Plant Taxonomy and iFlora[J]. Plant Diversity, 2012, 34(6): 532-538.

参考文献

Benton MJ, 2000. Stems, nodes, crown clades, and rankfree list: is Linnaeus dead?［J］. Biological Review, 75: 633—648
Cantino PD, de Queiroz K, 2010. International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature. Version 4c. http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode
Chase MW, Hills HH, 1991. Silica gel: an ideal material for field preservation of leaf samples for DNA studies［J］. Taxon, 40: 215—220
Dallwitz MJ, 1974. A flexible computer program for generating identification keys［J］. Systematic Zoology, 23: 50—57
Dallwitz MJ, Paine TA, Zurcher EJ, 2002 Onwards: Interactive identification using the internet. http://deltaintkey.com
De Queiroz K, Gauthier J, 1990. Phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy: Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names［J］. Systematic Zoology, 39: 307—322
De Queiroz K, Gauthier J, 1992. Phylogenetic taxonomy［J］. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 23: 449—480
De Queiroz K, Gauthier J, 1994. Towards a phylogenetic system of biological nomenclature［J］. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 9: 27—31
Du Rietz, 1930. Fundamental units of biological taxonomy［J］. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, 24: 333—428
Ellis B, Daly DC, Hickey LJ et al., 2009. Manual of Leaf Architecture［M］. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY
Fuller DQ, Hickey LJ, 2005. Systematics and leaf architecture of the Gunneraceae［J］. The Botanical Review, 71 (3): 295—353
Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, McNelli J et al., 1996. Draft BioCode: The prospective international rules for the scientific names of organisms［J］. Taxon, 45: 349—372
Greuter W, Garrity G, Hawksworth DL et al., 2011. Draft BioCode (2011): Principles and rules regulating the naming of organisms［J］. Bionomina, 3: 26—44
Hawksworth DL, 2011. Introducing the Draft BioCode (2011) ［J］. Bionomina, 3: 24—25
Hickey LJ, 1973. Classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves［J］. American Journal of Botany, 60: 17—33
Hickey LJ, 1979. A revised classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves［A］. In: Metcalfe CR, Chalk L, Anatomy of the Dicotyledon (2nd ed.), vol.1［M］. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 25—39
Hickey LJ, Taylor RW, 1991. The leaf architecture of Ticodendron and the application of foliar characters in discerning its relationships［J］. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 78: 105—130
Jeffrey C, 1982. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy (2nd ed.) ［M］. London: Cambridge University Press
Keller RA, Boyd RN, Wheeler QD, 2003. Illogical basis of phylogenetic nomenclature［J］. Botanical Review, 69 (1): 93—110
Li DZ, Gao LM, Li HT et al., 2011. Comparative analysis of a large dataset indicates that internal transcribed spacer (ITS) should be incorporated into the core barcode for seed plants［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, 108 (49): 19641—19646
Li DZ (李德铢), Wang YH (王雨华), Yi TS (伊廷双) et al., 2012. The nextgeneration Flora: iFlora［J］. Plant Diversity and Resources (植物分类与资源学报), 34 (6): 525—531
Lu HF, Jiang W, Ghiassi M et al., 2012. Classification of Camellia (Theaceae) species using leaf architecture variations and pattern recognition techniques［J］. PLoS One, 7 (1): e29704
Metzker ML, 2010. Sequencing technologies—the next generation［J］. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11: 31—46
McNeill J, Brrie FR, Burdet HM et al., 2006. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code): Adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress Vienna, Austria, July 2005. Regnum Vegetabile 146. A. R. G. Gantner Verlag KG
Nixon KC, Carpenter JM, 2000. On the other “phylogenectic systematics” ［J］. Cladistics, 16: 298—318
Runions A, Fuhrer M, Lane B et al., 2005. Modeling and visualization of leaf venation patterns［J］. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 24 (3): 702—711
Staats M, Cuenca A, Richardson JE et al., 2011. DNA damage in plant herbarium tissue［J］. PLoS One, 6 (12): e28448Stuessy TE, 2000. Taxon names are not defined［J］. Taxon, 49: 231—232Stuessy TE, 2001. Taxon names are still not defined［J］. Taxon, 50: 185—186Wu SG, Bao FS, Xu EY et al., 2007. A leaf recognition algorithm for plant classification using probabilistic neural network［C］. Proceeding of 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology. Cairo.Egypt: ISSPIT: 11—16Yang XY (杨湘云), Cai J (蔡杰), Zhang T (张挺) et al., 2012. The potential contribution of plant DNA barcoding and iFlora to plant germplasm conservation［J］. Plant Diversity and Resources (植物分类与资源学报), 34 (6): 539—545

[1]	许再富. 傣族的植物认知：命名-含义与分类[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(01): 39-45.
[2]	马莉萍1, 伊廷双2, 左显维1, 张彪1, 李云霞1, 韩根亮1. 构建基于磁珠微流控芯片的iFlora遗传信息高效获取系统[J]. Plant Diversity, 2013, 35(6): 779-783.
[3]	方涛, 曾春霞, 杨俊波**, 李德铢. 馆藏植物标本与iFlora[J]. Plant Diversity, 2013, 35(6): 687-692.
[4]	黄玉绿1, 郭志永1, 刘宇婧1, 王业玲1, 罗斌圣1, 龙春林1、2. 广西靖西县壮族民间对植物的命名[J]. Plant Diversity, 2013, 35(4): 443-452.
[5]	庄会富, 王雨华. iFlora科技领域云的建设构想[J]. Plant Diversity, 2012, 34(6): 623-630.
[6]	高连明1, 刘杰1, 蔡杰2, 杨俊波2, 张挺2, 李德铢1、2. 关于植物DNA条形码研究技术规范[J]. Plant Diversity, 2012, 34(6): 592-606.
[7]	李洪涛, 曾春霞, 高连明, 伊廷双, 杨俊波. 遗传信息及其获取技术与iFlora[J]. Plant Diversity, 2012, 34(6): 585-591.
[8]	陆露1、2, 王红1、2, 李德铢1、2. iFlora与植物志修订的若干思考——以杜鹃花科白珠树属为例[J]. Plant Diversity, 2012, 34(6): 562-584.
[9]	曾春霞, 杨俊波, 杨静, 伊廷双, 林春艳. 关于iFlora创建工作框架的建议[J]. Plant Diversity, 2012, 34(6): 555-561.
[10]	杨雅1, 王雨华1, 杜宁1 , 王春明2. 从文献情报分析看iFlora 的发展趋势[J]. Plant Diversity, 2012, 34(6): 546-554.
[11]	李德铢1、2, 王雨华3、4, 伊廷双2. 新一代植物志：iFlora[J]. Plant Diversity, 2012, 34(6): 525-531.
[12]	Sandra Knapp1, John McNeill2, Nicholas J. Turland3. 在墨尔本召开的第18届国际植物学大会做出的有关名称发表要求的变化——电子出版物对你意味着什么？[J]. Plant Diversity, 2011, 33(5): 509-517.
[13]	胡成华喻富根陈玲. 竹果胚体类型及其系统分类[J]. Plant Diversity, 1994, 16(04): 1-3.
[14]	胡成华喻富根陈玲. 竹类果实胚体的比较解剖与系统分类[J]. Plant Diversity, 1992, 14(01): 1-3.
[15]	许再富黄玉林. 西双版纳傣族民间植物命名与分类系统研究[J]. Plant Diversity, 1991, 13(04): 1-3.