Unravelling tree diversity patterns and responses to environmental gradients in a tropical forest landscape of the Western Ghats

doi:10.1016/j.pld.2025.09.009

Plant Diversity ›› 2026, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (01): 92-106.DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2025.09.009

Unravelling tree diversity patterns and responses to environmental gradients in a tropical forest landscape of the Western Ghats

Naveen Babu Kanda^a,b,c, Ashaq Ahmad Dar^a,d, Kurian Ayushi^b,e, Ayyappan Narayanan^b, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy^a

a Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India;
b Department of Ecology, French Institute of Pondicherry, 11 Saint Louis Street, Puducherry 605001, India;
c National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
d Division of Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Forestry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Benhama Ganderbal, J& K 191201, India;
e Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology, and Landscape Development, National and International Nature Conservation, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany

收稿日期:2025-02-26 修回日期:2025-09-24 出版日期:2026-01-25 发布日期:2026-03-05
通讯作者: Naveen Babu Kanda,E-mail:naveenbabukanda@gmail.com;Ayyappan Narayanan,E-mail:ayyappan.n@ifpindia.org
基金资助:
This work was supported by the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. India, under grant No. BT/Coord.II/10/02/2016/22.03.2018. The first author thanks the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi, India, for providing a short-term doctoral fellowship (RFD/Short-Term/2022-23/ENV/ST/66).

Unravelling tree diversity patterns and responses to environmental gradients in a tropical forest landscape of the Western Ghats

Naveen Babu Kanda^a,b,c, Ashaq Ahmad Dar^a,d, Kurian Ayushi^b,e, Ayyappan Narayanan^b, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy^a

a Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India;
b Department of Ecology, French Institute of Pondicherry, 11 Saint Louis Street, Puducherry 605001, India;
c National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
d Division of Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Forestry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Benhama Ganderbal, J& K 191201, India;
e Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology, and Landscape Development, National and International Nature Conservation, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany

Received:2025-02-26 Revised:2025-09-24 Online:2026-01-25 Published:2026-03-05
Contact: Naveen Babu Kanda,E-mail:naveenbabukanda@gmail.com;Ayyappan Narayanan,E-mail:ayyappan.n@ifpindia.org
Supported by:
This work was supported by the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. India, under grant No. BT/Coord.II/10/02/2016/22.03.2018. The first author thanks the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi, India, for providing a short-term doctoral fellowship (RFD/Short-Term/2022-23/ENV/ST/66).

摘要/Abstract

摘要： Understanding spatial patterns of plant species diversity and the factors (e.g., climate and human) that drive these patterns is essential for biodiversity conservation. We used data from 170 0.1-ha forest plots in the Shettihalli tropical forest landscape of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, India, to analyse tree community composition and the drivers of α-diversity (Shannon) and β-diversity (LCBD). Compositional patterns were visualized using Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS), and hybrid feature selection with structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of environmental variables on diversity. NMDS identified four distinct forest types in the Shettihalli landscape: semi-evergreen, dry deciduous, moist deciduous, and plantation forests, each with distinct plant composition. Shannon diversity and ecological uniqueness was significantly higher in semi-evergreen forest than in deciduous forest plots. The SEMs explained about 79% and 39–45% of the variation in α-diversity and β-diversity. Our analysis indicated that current diversity patterns result from multiple processes, with structure, disturbance, and edaphic parameters exerting the strongest direct and indirect effects on α-diversity. β-diversity, in contrast, was largely influenced by climate, topography, stand structure, and edaphic factors. Overall, our findings indicate that various factors (e.g., climate, topography, and human disturbance) interact to shape tree diversity patterns in tropical forests. These findings will help develop unique conservation and management strategies for distinct forest types in tropical forest ecosystems.

关键词: Alpha diversity, Beta diversity, Machine learning, Structural equation modeling, Vegetation patterns, Western Ghats

Abstract: Understanding spatial patterns of plant species diversity and the factors (e.g., climate and human) that drive these patterns is essential for biodiversity conservation. We used data from 170 0.1-ha forest plots in the Shettihalli tropical forest landscape of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, India, to analyse tree community composition and the drivers of α-diversity (Shannon) and β-diversity (LCBD). Compositional patterns were visualized using Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS), and hybrid feature selection with structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of environmental variables on diversity. NMDS identified four distinct forest types in the Shettihalli landscape: semi-evergreen, dry deciduous, moist deciduous, and plantation forests, each with distinct plant composition. Shannon diversity and ecological uniqueness was significantly higher in semi-evergreen forest than in deciduous forest plots. The SEMs explained about 79% and 39–45% of the variation in α-diversity and β-diversity. Our analysis indicated that current diversity patterns result from multiple processes, with structure, disturbance, and edaphic parameters exerting the strongest direct and indirect effects on α-diversity. β-diversity, in contrast, was largely influenced by climate, topography, stand structure, and edaphic factors. Overall, our findings indicate that various factors (e.g., climate, topography, and human disturbance) interact to shape tree diversity patterns in tropical forests. These findings will help develop unique conservation and management strategies for distinct forest types in tropical forest ecosystems.

Key words: Alpha diversity, Beta diversity, Machine learning, Structural equation modeling, Vegetation patterns, Western Ghats

Naveen Babu Kanda, Ashaq Ahmad Dar, Kurian Ayushi, Ayyappan Narayanan, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy. Unravelling tree diversity patterns and responses to environmental gradients in a tropical forest landscape of the Western Ghats[J]. Plant Diversity, 2026, 48(01): 92-106.

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Unravelling tree diversity patterns and responses to environmental gradients in a tropical forest landscape of the Western Ghats

Unravelling tree diversity patterns and responses to environmental gradients in a tropical forest landscape of the Western Ghats

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