Unraveling the invasion patterns of Galinsoga quadriradiata in mountain ranges: Insights from human activities, phenotypic and genetic variations

doi:10.1016/j.pld.2025.05.012

Plant Diversity ›› 2026, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (01): 192-203.DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2025.05.012

Unraveling the invasion patterns of Galinsoga quadriradiata in mountain ranges: Insights from human activities, phenotypic and genetic variations

Yu Chen^a,b, Xingjiang Song^a,b, Gang Liu^a,b,c,d, Jia Wang^a,b, Chunling Zhang^a,b, Xiaojian Chang^d, Jiabin Zou^a,b, Zhihong Zhu^a,b

a College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China;
b Research Center for UAV Remote Sensing, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China;
c Changqing Teaching & Research Base of Ecology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China;
d Xi'an Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Xi'an 710062, People's Republic of China

收稿日期:2024-12-16 修回日期:2025-05-28 出版日期:2026-01-25 发布日期:2026-03-05
通讯作者: Gang Liu,E-mail:2003liugang@163.com
基金资助:
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32271584 and 31600445); the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (2020JM- 286); the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (GK202103072, GK202103073); the National College Students' Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program (202310718085); and Special Research Project in Philosophy and Social Sciences of Shaanxi Province (2022HZ1795).

Unraveling the invasion patterns of Galinsoga quadriradiata in mountain ranges: Insights from human activities, phenotypic and genetic variations

Yu Chen^a,b, Xingjiang Song^a,b, Gang Liu^a,b,c,d, Jia Wang^a,b, Chunling Zhang^a,b, Xiaojian Chang^d, Jiabin Zou^a,b, Zhihong Zhu^a,b

a College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China;
b Research Center for UAV Remote Sensing, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China;
c Changqing Teaching & Research Base of Ecology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China;
d Xi'an Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Xi'an 710062, People's Republic of China

Received:2024-12-16 Revised:2025-05-28 Online:2026-01-25 Published:2026-03-05
Contact: Gang Liu,E-mail:2003liugang@163.com
Supported by:
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32271584 and 31600445); the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (2020JM- 286); the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (GK202103072, GK202103073); the National College Students' Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program (202310718085); and Special Research Project in Philosophy and Social Sciences of Shaanxi Province (2022HZ1795).

摘要/Abstract

摘要： Prevention of biological invasion requires understanding how alien species invade native communities. Although studies have identified mechanisms that underlie plant invasion in some habitats, limited attention has focused on invasion patterns along elevational gradients. In this study, we asked which factors drive the global and regional distribution of the invasive plant Galinsoga quadriradiata along elevational gradients. To answer this question, we examined whether human activities (i.e., roads) promote G. quadriradiata invasion, how seed dispersal-related traits of G. quadriradiata change along elevation gradients, and whether G. quadriradiata has adapted to high-elevation environments through phenotypic plasticity or genetic variation. On the global scale, we found that human activities and road density positively contribute to the G. quadriradiata expansion in mountainous areas. Field surveys in China revealed significant elevational differences in the seed dispersal traits of G. quadriradiata, with higher-elevation populations exhibiting lower dispersal ability and generally lower genetic diversity. Under common conditions, high-elevation populations showed higher leaf mass ratio but lower root mass ratio and reproductive allocation. This suggests that high-elevation environments create a barrier to dispersal for G. quadriradiata, and that G. quadriradiata has adapted phenotypically to these conditions. Our study indicates that the elevational invasion pattern of G. quadriradiata is shaped by multiple factors, particularly human activities and phenotypic adaptability. In addition, our finding that G. quadriradiata invasion at high elevations is not constrained by low genetic diversity indicates that monitoring and management of G. quadriradiata in mountainous areas should be strengthened.

关键词: Invasive plants, Phenotypic plasticity, Seed dispersal ability, Genetic variation, Human activities, Elevational gradient

Abstract: Prevention of biological invasion requires understanding how alien species invade native communities. Although studies have identified mechanisms that underlie plant invasion in some habitats, limited attention has focused on invasion patterns along elevational gradients. In this study, we asked which factors drive the global and regional distribution of the invasive plant Galinsoga quadriradiata along elevational gradients. To answer this question, we examined whether human activities (i.e., roads) promote G. quadriradiata invasion, how seed dispersal-related traits of G. quadriradiata change along elevation gradients, and whether G. quadriradiata has adapted to high-elevation environments through phenotypic plasticity or genetic variation. On the global scale, we found that human activities and road density positively contribute to the G. quadriradiata expansion in mountainous areas. Field surveys in China revealed significant elevational differences in the seed dispersal traits of G. quadriradiata, with higher-elevation populations exhibiting lower dispersal ability and generally lower genetic diversity. Under common conditions, high-elevation populations showed higher leaf mass ratio but lower root mass ratio and reproductive allocation. This suggests that high-elevation environments create a barrier to dispersal for G. quadriradiata, and that G. quadriradiata has adapted phenotypically to these conditions. Our study indicates that the elevational invasion pattern of G. quadriradiata is shaped by multiple factors, particularly human activities and phenotypic adaptability. In addition, our finding that G. quadriradiata invasion at high elevations is not constrained by low genetic diversity indicates that monitoring and management of G. quadriradiata in mountainous areas should be strengthened.

Key words: Invasive plants, Phenotypic plasticity, Seed dispersal ability, Genetic variation, Human activities, Elevational gradient

Yu Chen, Xingjiang Song, Gang Liu, Jia Wang, Chunling Zhang, Xiaojian Chang, Jiabin Zou, Zhihong Zhu. Unraveling the invasion patterns of Galinsoga quadriradiata in mountain ranges: Insights from human activities, phenotypic and genetic variations[J]. Plant Diversity, 2026, 48(01): 192-203.

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Unraveling the invasion patterns of Galinsoga quadriradiata in mountain ranges: Insights from human activities, phenotypic and genetic variations

Unraveling the invasion patterns of Galinsoga quadriradiata in mountain ranges: Insights from human activities, phenotypic and genetic variations

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