Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Used in Traditional Treatment of the Oral Pathology: The Ethnobotanical Survey in the Economic Capital Casablanca, Morocco (North Africa)

doi:10.1007/s13659-018-0194-6

摘要/Abstract

摘要： In order to identify the medicinal and aromatic plants most requested for the treatment of the most common oral pathology, an ethnobotanical survey was carried out in the economic capital Casablanca, Morocco. The data basis was obtained draw selected traditional herbalists based on the semi-structured questionnaire. Quantitative indices such as use value (UV), family UV (FUV), fidelity level and informant consensus factor (ICF) were intended to evaluate the importance of plant species. A total of 46 plants species belonging to 22 families that were used. Juglandaceae family showed the highest significance (FUV=0.75). We identified 40 species used for gum disease (gingivitis, periodontal abscess), 15 for dental pain (toothache, tooth sensitivity), 14 for halitosis, 12 for oral ulcers (aphtous, mouth ulcers and herpes), 3 for dental stain (teeth cleaning, sparkling and bleaching) and only 2 for tooth decay. The used plants are mainly prepared as decoction (80.4%). Syzygium aromaticum (UV=0.94) was the specie most commonly prescribed by local herbalists. The higher ICF (0.75) was registered for the use gum disease.

关键词: Ethnobotanical survey, Medicinal and aromatic plants, Oral pathology, Traditional herbalists

Abstract: In order to identify the medicinal and aromatic plants most requested for the treatment of the most common oral pathology, an ethnobotanical survey was carried out in the economic capital Casablanca, Morocco. The data basis was obtained draw selected traditional herbalists based on the semi-structured questionnaire. Quantitative indices such as use value (UV), family UV (FUV), fidelity level and informant consensus factor (ICF) were intended to evaluate the importance of plant species. A total of 46 plants species belonging to 22 families that were used. Juglandaceae family showed the highest significance (FUV=0.75). We identified 40 species used for gum disease (gingivitis, periodontal abscess), 15 for dental pain (toothache, tooth sensitivity), 14 for halitosis, 12 for oral ulcers (aphtous, mouth ulcers and herpes), 3 for dental stain (teeth cleaning, sparkling and bleaching) and only 2 for tooth decay. The used plants are mainly prepared as decoction (80.4%). Syzygium aromaticum (UV=0.94) was the specie most commonly prescribed by local herbalists. The higher ICF (0.75) was registered for the use gum disease.

Key words: Ethnobotanical survey, Medicinal and aromatic plants, Oral pathology, Traditional herbalists

Sophia Zougagh, Ayoub Belghiti, Tarik Rochd, Ilham Zerdani, Jamal Mouslim. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Used in Traditional Treatment of the Oral Pathology: The Ethnobotanical Survey in the Economic Capital Casablanca, Morocco (North Africa)[J]. 应用天然产物, 2019, 9(1): 35-48.

参考文献

1. P. Benetiere, Alimentation et carie dentaire. in ALIMENTATION PRECARITE Comité national d'hygiène et de Santé bucco-dentaire-Paris; Centre de Recherche et d'Information Nutritionnelles (CERIN) 22, 11-13 (2003)http://www.cerin.org/periodiques/AlimPreca/AlimPreca22.asp. Accessed 15 Marsh 2017
2. A. Sheiham, Oral health, general health and quality of life. Bull. World Health Organ. 83, 644 (2005)
3. R.G. Watt, Strategies and approaches in oral disease prevention and health promotion. Bull. World Health Organ. 83(9), 711-718 (2005)
4. P.E. Petersen, Global policy for improvement of oral health in the 21st century-implications to oral health research of World Health Assembly 2007, World Health Organization. Commun. Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 37(1), 1-8 (2009)
5. K.K. Mak, J.R. Day, Dental health behaviours among early adolescents in Hong Kong. Int. J. Dent. Hyg. 9(2), 122-126 (2011)
6. P.E. Petersen, D. Bourgeois, H. Ogawa, E. Estupinan-Day, C. Ndiaye, The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bull. World Health Organ. 83(9), 661-669 (2005)
7. E.A. Palombo, Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral bacteria:potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (2011). https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep067
8. World Health Organization, (2012) http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs318/fr/#. Accessed 13 December 2017
9. F. Zaoui, S. Hamdani, M.J. Belhad, J.L. Miquel, Etude descriptive de l'état bucco-dentaire d'un échantillon de la population marocaine. Rev. Odont. Stomatol. Tropical. 74, 7-11 (1996)
10. S.S. Chukkapalli, I.M. Velsko, M.F. Rivera-Kweh, D. Zheng, A.R. Lucas, L. Kesavalu, Polymicrobial oral infection with four periodontal bacteria orchestrates a distinct inflammatory response and atherosclerosis in ApoE null mice. PLoS ONE 10(11), e0143291 (2015)
11. J. Bellakhdar. Plantes médicinales au maghreb et soins de baseprécis de phytothérapie moderne. (Eds Le Fennec, Casablanca, Maroc, 2006), pp. 386. ISBN:9954-415-31-9
12. World Health Organization. Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005. WHO. Geneva, 2002. Amsterdam, 2000
13. G. Kumar, M. Jalaluddin, P. Rout, R. Mohanty, C.L. Dileep, Emerging trends of herbal care in dentistry. J. Clin. Diagn Res. 7, 1827-1829 (2013)
14. J.B. Taheri, S. Azimi, N. Rafieiann, H.A. Zanjani, Herbs in dentistry. Int. Dent. J. 61, 287-296 (2011)
15. D.J. Sinha, A. Sinha, Natural medicaments in dentistry. Ayu 35, 113-118 (2014)
16. T. Pellow, M. Morsy, The relation of Thomas Pellow:a reading of Morocco in the 18th century. Publ. Res. Civil. 252, pp (1983)
17. High Commission for Planning. Monograph of the region of Casablanca. (2010)
18. Haut-commissariat au plan 1 (2013). http://www.hcp.ma/Recensement-general-de-la-population-et-de-l-habitat-2004_a633.html. Accessed 11 Dec 2017
19. Haut-commissariat au plan 2 (2013). http://www.hcp.ma/Population-du-Maroc-par-annee-civile-en-milliers-et-au-milieu-de-lannee-par-milieu-de-residence-1960-2050_a677.html. Accessed 11 Dec 2017
20. W. Greuter, H. M. Burder, G. Long, Med-checkliste. Medchecklist:a critical inventory of vascular plants of the circumMediterranean countries. Vol 1 (1984); vol. 3 (1986); vol. 4 (1989). Edit. Conservatoire et jardin Botaniques de Genere
21. T.G. Tutin, N.A. Burges, A.O. Chater, J.R. Edmondton, V.H. Heywood, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, D.A. Webb (eds), Flora europaea 1, 2edn. Cambridge (1993)
22. The Plant List (The Plant List Version 1.1, 2013) http://www.theplantlist.org/. Accessed 1st April 2018
23. O. Phillips, A.H. Gentry, C. Reynel, P. Wilkin, B.C. Gálvez Durand, Quantitative ethnobotany and Amazonian conservation. Conserv. Biol. 8(1), 225-248 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08010225.x
24. S. Vitalini, M. Iriti, C. Puricelli, D. Ciuchi, A. Segale, G. Fico, Traditional knowledge on medicinal and food plants used in Val San Giacomo (Sondrio, Italy)-an alpine ethnobotanical study. J. Ethnopharmacol. 145(2), 517-529 (2013)
25. S. Suroowan, M.F. Mahomoodally, A comparative ethnopharmacological analysis of traditional medicine used against respiratory tract diseases in Mauritius. J. Ethnopharmacol. 177, 61-80 (2016)
26. D.P. Sreekeesoon, M.F. Mahomoodally, Ethnopharmacological analysis of medicinal plants and animals used in the treatment and management of pain in Mauritius. J. Ethnopharmacol. 157, 181-200 (2014)
27. M.N. Alexiades, J.W. Sheldon, Selected Guidelines for Ethnobotanical Research:A Field Manual (The New York Botanical Garden, Boranx, NY, 1996), pp. 99-133
28. M. Fisseha, D. Sebsebe, T. Tilahun, An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in WonagoWoreda, SNNPR, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 5(1), 28 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-5-28
29. L.R.S. Gazzaneo, R.F.P. De Lucena, U.P. de Albuquerque, Knowledge and use of medicinal plants by local specialists in an region of Atlantic Forest in the state of Pernambuco (Northeastern Brazil). J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 1(1), 9 (2005)
30. M.Z. Uddin, M.A. Hassan, Determination of informant consensus factor of ethnomedicinal plants used in Kalenga forest, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 21(1), 83 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v21i1.19272
31. P. Howard, The Major Importance of ‘minor’ Resources:Women and Plant Biodiversity (International Institute for Environment and Development (ⅡED), London, 2003)
32. B. Kothari, The invisible queen in the plant kingdom:Gender perspectives in medical ethnobotany. Women and Plants:Gender Relations in Biodiversity Management and Conservation. New York:Zed Books Ldt (2003):150-164
33. J.M. Pfeiffer, R.J. Butz, Assessing cultural and ecological variation in ethnobiological research:the importance of gender. J. Ethnobiol. 25, 240-278 (2005). https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771(2005)25%5b240:ACAEVI%5d2.0.CO;2
34. A.T. Elolemy, A.M. AlBedah, Public knowledge, attitude and practice of complementary and alternative medicine in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. Oman Med. J. 27, 20-26 (2012)
35. S.S. Kankara, M.H. Ibrahim, M. Mustafa, R. Go, Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used for traditional maternal healthcare in Katsina state, Nigeria. South African J. Bot. 97, 165-175 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.01.007
36. W.Z. Chonco, The African Bantu traditional practice of medicine:some preliminary observations. Soc. Sci. Med. 6(3), 283-322 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-7856(72)90104-7
37. M.K. Oladunmeye, F.Y. Kehinde, Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in treating viral infections among Yoruba tribe South Western Nigeria. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 5(19), 2991-3004 (2011). https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2014.521340
38. R. Mehdioui, A. Kahouadji, Etude ethnobotanique auprès de la population riveraine de la forêt d'Amsittène:cas de la Commune d'Imi n'Tlit (Province d'Essaouira). Bulletin de l'Institut scientifique, Rabat, section Sciences de la vie 29, 11-20 (2007)
39. B. Weniger, Interest and limitation of a global ethnopharmacological survey. J. Ethnopharmacol. 32, 37-41 (1991)
40. C. Anyinam, Ecology and ethnomedicine:exploring links between current environmental crisis and indigenous medical practices. Soc. Sci. Med. 40(3), 321-329 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)E0098-D
41. G. Benitez, M.R. Gonzalez-Tejero, J. Molero-Mesa, Pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the western part of Granada province (southern Spain):Ethnopharmacological synthesis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 129, 87-105 (2010)
42. V. Savo, C. Giulia, G.P. Maria, R. David, Folk phytotherapy of the Amalfi Coast (Campania, Southern Italy). J. Ethnopharmacol. 135, 376-392 (2011)
43. A. Dey, B. Gupta, J.N. De, Traditional phytotherapy against skin diseases and in wound healing of the tribes of Purulia district, West Bengal, India. J. Med. Plants Res. 6(33), 4825-4831 (2012). https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR12.916
44. D. Raja, C. Blanché, J. Vallès, Contribution to the knowledge of the pharmaceutical ethnobotany of the Segarra region (Catalonia, Iberian Peninsula). J. Ethnopharmacol. 57, 149-160 (1997)
45. A. Merzouki, F. Ed-derfoufi, J. Molero Mesa, Contribution to the knowledge of Rifian traditional medicine. Ⅱ:Folk medicine in Ksar Lakbir district (NW Morocco). Fitoterapia 71, 278-307 (2000)
46. M.H. Novais, I. Santos, S. Mendes, C. Pinto-Gomes, Studies on pharmaceutical ethnobotany in Arrabida Natural Park (Portugal). J. Ethnopharmacol. 93, 183-195 (2004)
47. A. Tahraoui, J. El-Hilaly, Z.H. Israili, B. Lyoussi, Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of hypertension and diabetes in south-eastern Morocco (Errachidia province). J. Ethnopharmacol. 110, 105-117 (2007)
48. I. Ugulu, S. Baslar, N. Yorek, Y. Dogan, The investigation and quantitative ethnobotanical evaluation of medicinal plants used around Izmir province, Turkey. J. Med. Plants Res. 3(5), 345-367 (2009)
49. A. Sijelmassi. Les plantes médicinales du Maroc, 3ème édition Fennec. Casablanca, Moroc (1993)
50. L. Campanella, A. Bonanni, G. Favero et al., Determination of antioxidant properties of aromatic herbs, olives and fresh fruit using an enzymatic sensor. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 375, 1011-1016 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-003-1825-1
51. S. Dragland, H. Senoo, K. Wake, Several culinary and medicinal herbs are important sources of dietary antioxidants. J. Nut. 133(5), 1286-1290 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.5.1286
52. V. Exarchou, N. Nenadis, M. Tsimidou, Antioxidant activities and phenolic composition of extracts from greek oregano, greek sage, and summer savory. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 5294-5914 (2002)
53. A. Lamiri, S. Lhaloui, B. Benjilali, Insecticidal effects of essential oils against Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say). Field Crops Res. 71(1), 9-15 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00139-3
54. K. Cimanga, K. Kambu, L. Tona et al., Correlation between chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants growing in the Democratic Republic of Congo. J. Ethnopharmacol. 79(2), 213-215 (2002)
55. H.A. Lewis, M.J. Rudolph, M. Mistry, V. Monyatsi, T. Marambana, P. Ramela, Oral health knowledge and original practices of African traditional healers in Zonkizizwe and Dube. South Africa. SADJ. 59, 243-246 (2004)
56. E.H.M. Ould, M. Hadj-Mahammed, H. Zabeirou. Place of spontaneous plants in the traditional medicine of the region of Ouargla (Northern Sahara), Courrier du Savoir. 03:47-51 (2003). http://www.webreview.dz/IMG/pdf/6-Ould_H_didi.pdf
57. N. Benlamdini, M. Elhafian, A. Rochdi, L. Zidane, Etude floristique et ethnobotanique de la flore médicinale du haut Atlas oriental (Haute Moulouya). J. Appl. Biosci. 78, 6771-6787 (2014). https://doi.org/10.4314/jab.v78i1.17
58. S. Salhi, M. Fadli, L. Zidane, A. Douira, Etudes floristique et ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales de la ville de Kénitra (Maroc). Lazaroa 31, 133-143 (2011). https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_LAZA.2010.v31.9
59. D. Muster, Oral Medical Therapy:Means and Methods (Elsevier, Paris, 2004)
60. R. Pourabbas, A. Delazar, M.T. Chitsaz, The effect of German chamomile mouthwash on dental plaque and gingival inflammation. Iran. J. Pharmaceut. Res 2, 105-109 (2005)
61. M. Pujar, S. Makandar, Herbal usage in endodontics:a review. Int. J. Contemp. Dent. 2(1), 34-37 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01627.x
62. Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, X. Zhu, P. Cao, S. Wei, Y. Lu, Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of eugenol from essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and L. M. Perry (clove) leaf against periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microb Pathog. 113, 396-402 (2017)
63. G. Sastravaha, P. Yotnuengnit, P. Booncong, P. Sangtherapitikul, Adjunctive periodontal treatment with Centella asiatica and Punica granatum extracts:a preliminary study. J. Int. Acad. Periodontol. 5, 106-115 (2003)
64. A. Sofrata, F. Brito, M. Al-Otaibi, A. Gustafsson, Short term clinical effect of active and inactive Salvadora persica miswak on dental plaque and gingivitis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 137, 1130-1134 (2011)
65. M.B. Pai, G.M. Prashant, K.S. Murlikrishna, K.M. Shivakumar, G.N. Chandu, Antifungal efficacy of Punica granatum, Acacia nilotica, Cuminum cyminum and Foeniculum vulgare on Candida albicans:an in vitro study. Indian J. Dent. Res. 21(3), 334-336 (2010)
66. G.B. Dudhatra, S.K. Mody, M.M. Awale, H.B. Patel, C.M. Modi, A. Kumar, D.R. Kamani, B.N. Chauhan, A Comprehensive review on pharmacotherapeutics of herbal bioenhancers. Sci. World J. 2012, 637953 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/637953
67. P. Sharma, G. Ravikumar, M. Kalaiselvi, D. Gomathi, C. Uma, In vitro antibacterial and free radical scavenging activity of green hull of Juglans regia. J. Pharm. Anal. 3(4), 298-302 (2013)
68. F. Zakavi, L. Golpasand Hagh, A. Daraeighadikolaei, A. Farajzadeh Sheikh, A. Daraeighadikolaei, Z. Leilavi Shooshtari, Antibacterial Effect of Juglans Regia Bark against Oral Pathologic Bacteria. Int. J. Dent. 20, 854765 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/854765
69. A. Ghahraman, Iranian Chromophytes, 1st edn. (University Press Center, Tehran, 1993), pp. 668-769
70. M. Hmammouchi. Les Plantes Médicinales et Aromatiques Marocaines. Utilisations, Biologie, Ecologie, Chimie, Pharmacologie, Toxicologie et Lexiques Ed. Imprimerie Fédala. Morocco:Rabat-Instituts, p. 450 (1999)
71. J. Valnet. La phytothérapie-Traitement des maladies par les plantes-Se soigner par les plantes. VIGOT. ISBN. 2-253(2001)
72. E.M. Yalya, N. Izgu, L. Ozdemir, S.A. Erdem, S.A. Kartal, Sage tea-thyme-peppermint hydrosol oral rinse reduces chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis:a randomized controlled pilot study. Complement. Therapies in Med. 27, 58-64 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2016.05.010
73. S.T. Khan, M. Khan, J. Ahmad, R. Wahab, O.H. Abd-Elkader, J. Musarrat et al., Thymol and carvacrol induce autolysis, stress, growth inhibitionand reduce the biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans. AMB Express. 7, 49 (2017)
74. K. Srithi, H. Balslev, P. Wangpakapattanawong, P. Srisanga, C. Trisonthi, Medicinal plant knowledge and its erosion among the Mien (Yao) in northern Thailand. J. Ethnopharmacol. 123, 335-342 (2009)
75. T. Bibi, M. Ahmad, R.B. Tareen, N.M. Tareen, R. Jabeen, S. Rehman, Ethnobotany of medicinal plants in district Mastung of Balochistan province-Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 157, 79-89 (2014)
76. O. Benkhnigue, L. Zidane, M. Fadli, H. Elyacoubi, A. Rochdi, A. Douira, Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the region of Mechraâ Bel Ksiri (Gharb region of Morocco). Acta Bot. Barc. 53, 191-216 (2011)
77. L. Taylor, The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs:A Guide to Understanding and Using Herbal Medicinals (Square One Publishers, New York, 2005)
78. R.Y. Kathmandu, The burden of restorative dental treatment for children in Third World countries. Int. Dent. J. 52(1), 1-9 (2002)
79. A.B. Cunninghan, African Medicinal Plants (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, 1993)
80. W. Kasuku, F. Lula, J. Paulus, N. Ngiefu, D. Kaluila, Contribution to the inventory of plants used for the treatment of malaria in Kinshasa (R.D.C.). J. Med. Afr. Pharmacop. 13, 95-103 (1999)
81. E. Dounias, W. Rodrigue, C. Petit, Revue de la littérature ethnobotanique pour l'Afrique Centrale et l'Afrique de l'Ouest=Review of ethnobotanical literature for Central and West Africa.". Bulletin du Réseau Africain d'Ethnobotanique 2, 5-117 (2000)
82. A. Alqareer, A. Alyahya, L. Andersson, The effect of clove and benzocaine versus placebo as topical anesthetics. J. Dent. 34(10), 747-750 (2006)