Soil functional indicators in mixed beech forests are clearly species-specific

doi:10.1007/s11676-022-01548-4

Abstract

Abstract:

Beech stands are considered part of the ancient forest ecosystems in the northern hemisphere. In mixed stands in beach forest ecosystems, the type of associated tree species can significantly affect soil functions, but their influence on microbial activity, nutrient cycling and belowground properties is unknown. Here, we considered forest patches in northern Iran that are dominated by different tree species: Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Lam.), Tilia begonifolia Stev., Zelkova carpinifolia Dippe, Acer cappadocicum Gled, Acer velutinum Boiss., Fraxinus excelsior L., Carpinus betulus L., and Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey. For each forest patch–tree species, litter and soil samples (25× 25 × 10 cm, 100 of each) were analyzed for determine soil and litter properties and their relationship with tree species. The litter decomposition rate during a 1-year experiment was also determined. A PCA showed a clear difference between selected litter and soil characteristics among tree species. F. orientalis, Q. castaneifolia, P. fraxinifolia, T. begonifolia, Z. carpinifolia, A. cappadocicum, and A. velutinum enhanced soil microbial biomass of carbon, whereas patches with F. excelsior, C. betulus and A. subcordata had faster litter decomposition and enhanced biotic activities and C and N dynamics. Thus, soil function indicators were species-specific in the mixed beech forest. A. subcordata (a N-fixing species), C. betulus and F. excelsior were main drivers of microbial activities related to nutrient cycling in the old-growth beech forest.

Key words: Old-growth forest, Deciduous tree species, Soil fertility, Microbial activities, Carbon and nitrogen cycle

Yahya Kooch, Neda Ghorbanzadeh, Samaneh Hajimirzaaghaee, Markus Egli. Soil functional indicators in mixed beech forests are clearly species-specific[J]. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH, 2023, 34(4): 1033-1049.

Yahya Kooch, Neda Ghorbanzadeh, Samaneh Hajimirzaaghaee, Markus Egli. [J]. 林业研究(英文版), 2023, 34(4): 1033-1049.

References 112

1	Alameda D, Villar R, Iriondo JM. Forest ecology and management spatial pattern of soil compaction: trees’ footprint on soil physical properties. For Ecol Manag, 2012, 283: 128-137, DOI
2	Alef K. Alef K, Nannipieri P. Estimating of soil respiration. Methods in soil microbiology and biochemistry, 1995 New York Academic Press 464-470
3	Allison LE (1975) Organic carbon. In C. A. Black (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis. Madison, W. I: American Society of Agronomy, Part 2. pp. 1367–1378.
4	Anderson TH, Domsch KH. Application of eco-physiological quotients (qCO₂ and qD) on microbial biomasses from soils of different cropping histories. Soil Biol Biochem, 1990, 22: 251-255, DOI
5	Andrade E, Aquino D, Chaves L. Silva JMC, Leal IR, Tabarelli M. Water as capital and its uses in the caatinga. Caatinga, 2017 Cham Springer
6	De Andres EG. Interactions between climate and nutrient cycles on forest response to global change: the role of mixed forests. Forests, 2019, 10: 609, DOI
7	Anonymous N. Golband watershed management planning, 2018 Organization of forest and rangelands and watershed management Islamic Republic of Iran 376p
8	Augusto L, Ranger J, Binkley D, Rothe A. Impact of several common tree species of temperate forest on soil fertility. Ann for Sci, 2002, 59: 233-254, DOI
9	Azaryan M, Abrari Vajari K, Amanzadeh B. Variations in humus and fine root properties related to development stages in a temperate natural beech forest. Eur J for Res, 2021, 140: 307-316, DOI
10	Berry R, Livesley SJ, Aye L. Tree canopy shade impacts on solar irradiance received by building walls and their surface temperature. Build Environ, 2013, 69: 91-100, DOI
11	Blake GR, Hartge KH (1986) Particle density. In: Klute A (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods, 2nd ed. SSSA Book Ser. 5. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, 377–382
12	Bouyoucos GJ. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agron J, 1962, 54: 464-465, DOI
13	Bower CA, Reitemeier RF, Fireman M. Exchangeable cation analysis of saline and alkali soils. Soil Sci, 1952, 73: 251-262, DOI
14	Bremner JM, Mulvaney CS (1982). Nitrogen-total. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, (methodsofsoilan2), pp.595–624.
15	Brockett BF, Prescott CE, Grayston SJ. Soil moisture is the major factor influencing microbial community structure and enzyme activities across seven bio-geoclimatic zones in western Canada. Soil Biol Biochem, 2012, 44: 9-20, DOI
16	Brookes PC, Landman A, Pruden G, Jenkinson DS. Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: a rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil. Soil Biol Biochem, 1985, 17: 837-842, DOI
17	Cambardella CA, Elliott ET. Particulate soil organic-matter changes across a grassland cultivation sequence. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 1992, 56: 777-783, DOI
18	Cao JB, He XX, Chen YQ, Chen YP, Zhang YJ, Yu SQ, Zho LX, Liu ZF, Zhang CL, Fu SL. Leaf litter contributes more to soil organic carbon than fine roots in two 10-year-old subtropical plantations. Sci Total Environ, 2020, 704, DOI
19	Catenazzi A, Donnelly MA. Distribution of geckos in northern Peru: long-term effect of strong ENSO events. J Arid Environ, 2007, 71: 327-332, DOI
20	Charley JL, West NE. Plant-induced soil chemical patterns in some shrub-dominated semi-desert ecosystems of Utah. J Ecol, 1977, 63: 945, DOI
21	Chaudhuri PS, Paliwal SNR. Earthworm population of rubber plantations (Hevea brasiliensis) in Tripura, India. Trop Ecol, 2008, 49: 225-234
22	Chen YY, Cao JB, He XX, Liu T, Shao YH, Zhang CL, Zhou QQ, Li F, Mao P, Tao LB, Liu ZF, Lin YB, Zhou LX, Zhang WX, Fu SL. Plant leaf litter plays a more important role than roots in maintaining earthworm communities in subtropical plantations. Soil Biol Biochem, 2020, 144, DOI
23	Cheng WX, Zhang QL, Coleman DC, Carroll CR, Hoffman CA. Is available carbon limiting microbial respiration in the rhizosphere?. Soil Biol Biochem, 1996, 28: 1283-1288, DOI
24	Cheng XL, Yang YH, Li M, Dou XL, Zhang QF. The impact of agricultural land use changes on soil organic carbon dynamics in the danjiangkou reservoir area of China. Plant Soil, 2013, 366: 415-424, DOI
25	Chodak M, Sroka K, Woś B, Pietrzykowski M. Chemical and microbial properties of post-mining and post-fire soils afforested with different tree species. Appl Soil Ecol, 2021, 171, DOI
26	Crumsey J, Le Moine JM, Vogel CS, Nadelhoffer KJ. Historical patterns of exotic earthworm distributions inform contemporary associations with soil physical and chemical factors across a northern temperate forest. Soil Biol Biochem, 2013, 68: 503-514, DOI
27	Dechoum MS, Zenni RD, Castellani TT, Zalba SM, Rejmánek M. Invasions across secondary forest successional stages: effects of local plant community, soil, litter, and herbivory on Hovenia dulcis seed germination and seedling establishment. Plant Ecol, 2015, 216: 823-833, DOI
28	Dijkstra FA, Smits MM. Tree species effects on calcium cycling: the role of calcium uptake in deep soils. Ecosystems, 2002, 5: 385-398, DOI
29	Drouin M, Bradley R, Lapointe L. Linkage between exotic earthworms, understory vegetation and soil properties in sugar maple forests. For Ecol Manag, 2016, 364: 113-121, DOI
30	Eickenscheidt T, Heinichen J, Augustin J, Freibauer A, Drösler M. Nitrogen mineralization and gaseous nitrogen losses from waterlogged and drained organic soils in a black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) forest. Biogeosciences, 2014, 11: 2961-2976, DOI
31	Fenn ME, Baron JS, Allen EB, Rueth HM, Nydick KR, Geiser L, Bowman WD, Sickman JO, Meixner T, Johnson DW, Neitlich P. Ecological effects of nitrogen deposition in the Western United States. Bioscience, 2003, 53: 404-420, DOI
32	Glaser K, Baumann K, Leinweber P, Mikhailyuk T, Karsten U. Algal richness in BSCs in forest under different management intensity with some implications for P cycling. Biogeosciences, 2018, 15: 4181-4192, DOI
33	Goh KM, Totua SS. Effect of organic and plant residue and orchard management practice on decomposition rates of residues. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal, 2004, 35: 441-460, DOI
34	Guo YJ, Han JG. Soil biochemical properties and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as affected by afforestation of rangelands in northern China. J Arid Environ, 2008, 72: 1690-1697, DOI
35	Homer CD, Pratt PF. Methods of analysis for soils, plants and waters, 1961 Agricultural sciences press, berkeley University of California 309p
36	Houle D, Marty C, Duchesne L. Response of canopy nitrogen uptake to a rapid decrease in bulk nitrate deposition in two eastern Canadian boreal forests. Oecologia, 2015, 177: 29-37, DOI
37	Hughes P, Mc Bratney AB, Huang J, Minasny B, Micheli E, Hempel J. Comparisons between USDA soil taxonomy and the Australian soil classification system i: data harmonization, calculation of taxonomic distance and inter-taxa variation. Geoderma, 2017, 307: 198-209, DOI
38	Insam H, Domsch KH. Relationship between soil organic carbon and microbial biomass on chronosequence of reclamation sites. Microb Ecol, 1988, 15: 177-188, DOI
39	Jones DL, Willett VB. Experimental evaluation of methods to quantify dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil. Soil Biol Biochem, 2006, 38: 991-999, DOI
40	Kemner JE, Adams MB, McDonald LM, Peterjohn WT, Kelly CN. Fertilization and tree species influence on stable aggregates in forest soil. Forests, 2021, 12: 39, DOI
41	Kemper WD, Rosenau RC. Klute A. Aggregate stability and size distribution. Methods of soil analysis, Part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods, 1986 2 Madison, Wisconsin American Society of Agronomy 383-411
42	Kim S, Axelsson EP, Girona MM, Senior JK. Continuous-cover forestry maintains soil fungal communities in norway spruce dominated boreal forests. For Ecol Manag, 2021, 480, DOI
43	Knops JMH, Bradley KL, Wedin DA. Mechanism of plant species impacts on ecosystem nitrogen cycling. Ecol Lett, 2002, 5: 454-466, DOI
44	Kooch Y, Bayranvand M. Labile soil organic matter is sensitive to forest floor quality of tree species mixtures in oriental Beech forests. Ecol Indic, 2019, 107, DOI
45	Kooch Y, Hosseini SM, Zaccone C, Jalilvand H, Hojjati SM. Soil organic carbon sequestration as affected by afforestation: the Darab Kola forest (north of Iran) case study. Environ Monit Assess, 2014, 14: 2438-2446, DOI
46	Kooch Y, Ehsani S, Akbarinia M. Stratification of soil organic matter and biota dynamics in natural and anthropogenic ecosystems. Soil Tillage Res, 2020, 200, DOI
47	Kooch Y (2012) Soil variability related to pit and mound, canopy cover and individual trees in a Hyrcanian Oriental Beech stand. PhD Thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, 203p
48	Koupar SAM, Hosseini SM, Tabari M, Modirrahmati A, Golchin A, Rad FH. Effects of pure and mixed plantations of Populous deltoides with Alnus glotinosa on growth and soil properties: a case study of foman region. Iran Afr J Agric Res, 2011, 6: 5261-5265, DOI
49	Kuffner M, Hai B, Rattei T, Melodelima C, Schloter M, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S, Jandl R, Sessitsch SA, A, . Effects of season and experimental warming on the bacterial community in a temperate mountain forest soil assessed by 16S rRNA gene pyro sequencing. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 2012, 82(3): 551-562, DOI
50	Lagerlof J, Goffre B, Vincent C. The importance of field boundaries for earthworms (Lumbricidae) in the Swedish agricultural landscape. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 2002, 89: 91-103, DOI
51	Levula J, Ilvesniemi H, Westman CJ. Relation between soil properties and tree species composition in a Scots pine-Norway spruce stand in southern Finland. Silva Fenn, 2003, 37(2): 205-218, DOI
52	Li YT, Rouland C, Benedetti M, Li FB, Pando A, Lavelle P, Dai J. Microbial biomass, enzyme and mineralization activity in relation to soil organic C, N and P turnover influenced by acid metal stress. Soil Biol Biochem, 2009, 41: 969-977, DOI
53	Li M, Zhou XH, Zhang QF, Cheng XL. Consequences of afforestation for soil nitrogen dynamics in central China. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 2014, 183: 40-46, DOI
54	Li WT, Hu XF, Liu QH, Yin CY. Soil fungi are more sensitive than bacteria to short-term plant interactions of Picea asperata and Abies faxoniana. Eur J Soil Biol, 2021, 106, DOI
55	Lin H, Li YN, Bruelheide H, Zhang SR, Ren HB, Zhang NL, Ma KP. What drives leaf litter decomposition and the decomposer community in subtropical forests – the richness of the above-ground tree community or that of the leaf litter?. Soil Biol Biochem, 2021, 160, DOI
56	Ling N, Sun YM, Ma JH, Guo JJ, Zhu P, Peng C, Yu GH, Ran W, Guo SW, Shen QR. Response of the bacterial diversity and soil enzyme activity in particle size fractions of mollisol after different fertilization in a long-term experiment. Biol Fertil Soils, 2014, 50: 901-911, DOI
57	Lozano-Parra J, Schnabel S, Ceballos-Barbancho A. The role of vegetation covers on soil wetting processes at rainfall event scale in scattered tree woodland of mediterranean climate. J Hydrol, 2015, 529: 951-961, DOI
58	Majasalmi T, Rautiainen M. The impact of tree canopy structure on understory variation in a boreal forest. For Ecol Manag, 2020, 466, DOI
59	Mayzlish E, Steinberger Y. Effects of chemical inhibitors on soil protozoan dynamics in a desert ecosystem. Biol Fertil Soils, 2004, 39: 415-421, DOI
60	Mc Cune B, Mefford M. Multivariate analysis of ecological data version 4.17, 1999 Oregon, USA MJM Software. Gleneden Beach 233
61	Mueller K, Eissenstat DM, Hobbie SE, Oleksyn J, Jagodzinski AM, Reich PB, Chadwick OA, Chorover J. Tree species effects on coupled cycles of carbon nitrogen, and acidity in mineral soils at a common garden experiment. Biogeochemistry, 2012, 111: 601-614, DOI
62	Neatrour MA, Jones RH, Golladay SW. Correlations between soil nutrient availability and fine-root biomass at two spatial scales in forested wetlands with contrasting hydrological regimes. Can J For Res, 2005, 35(12): 2934-29417, DOI
63	Nguemezi C, Tematio P, Yemefack M, Tsozue D, Silats TBF. Soil quality and soil fertility status in major soil groups at the tombel area, South-West Cameroon. Heliyon, 2020, 97: 423-436, DOI
64	Niknam Gh (1991) Study and identification of plant parasitic nematodes in the farms of Moghan’s Agroindastry Co. A. Thesis Presented for the Master of Science Degree in Plant Pathology. Collage of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University. 140 pp.
65	Nuutinen V, Butt KR. Worms from the cold: lumbricid life stages in boreal clay during frost. Soil Biol Biochem, 2009, 41: 1580-1582, DOI
66	Ortiz C, Fernández-Alonso MJ, Kitzler B, Díaz-Pinés E, Saiz G, Bento M, Rubio A. Variations in soil aggregation, microbial community structure and soil organic matter cycling associated to long-term afforestation and woody encroachment in a Mediterranean alpine ecotone. Geoderma, 2022, 405, DOI
67	Osborne BB, Nasto MN, Soper FM, Asner GP, Balzotti CF, Cleveland CC, Taylor PG, Townsend AR, Porder S. Leaf litter inputs reinforce islands of nitrogen fertility in a lowland tropical forest. Biogeochemistry, 2020, 147: 293-306, DOI
68	Page AL (1986) Methods of soil analysis, part 2. 2nd edn. Wisconsin, U.S.A.
69	Parhizkar M, Shabanpour M, Miralles I, Antonio Zema A, Esteban Lucas-Borja M. Effects of plant species on soil quality in natural and planted areas of a forest park in northern Iran. Sci Total Environ, 2021, 778, DOI
70	Parsapour MK, Kooch Y, Hosseini SM, Alavi SJ. Litter and topsoil in Alnus subcordata plantation on former degraded natural forest land: A synthesis of age-sequence. Soil Tillage Res, 2018, 179: 1-10, DOI
71	Pires LF, Brinatti AM, Saab SC, Cássaro FA. Porosity distribution by computed tomography and its importance to characterize soil clod samples. Appl Radiat Isot, 2014, 92: 37-45, DOI
72	Plaster EJ. Soil science and management, 1985 Albany, N.Y. Delmar Publishers Inc. 124
73	Preusser S, Poll C, Marhan S, Angst G, Mueller CW, Bachmann L, Kandeler E. Fungi and bacteria respond differently to changing environmental conditions within a soil profile. Soil Biol Biochem, 2019, 137, DOI
74	Qin HY, Wang ZH. Biogeochemistry of dominant plants and soils in shewushan gold lateritic deposit China. Plants, 2022, 11: 38, DOI
75	Raiesi F. Land abandonment effect on N mineralization and microbial biomass N in a semi-arid calcareous soil from Iran. J Arid Environ, 2012, 76: 80-87, DOI
76	Raiesi F. Soil properties and C dynamics in abandoned and cultivated farmlands in a semi-arid ecosystem. Plant Soil, 2012, 351: 161-175, DOI
77	Rathore AP, Chaudhary DR, Jha B. Assessing the effects of Salicornia brachiata roxb. growth on coastal saline soil quality over temporal and spatial scales. Appl Soil Ecol, 2022, 169: 10419, DOI
78	Rehschuh S, Jonard M, Wiesmeier M, Rennenberg H, Dannenmann M. Impact of European beech forest diversification on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks–a meta-analysis. Front for Glob Change, 2021, 4: 2, DOI
79	Ren CJ, Zhang W, Zhong ZK, Han XH, Yang GH, Feng YZ, Ren GX. Differential responses of soil microbial biomass, diversity, and compositions to altitudinal gradients depend on plant and soil characteristics. Sci Total Environ, 2018, 610–611: 750-758, DOI
80	Sackett O, Petrou K, Reedy B, De Grazia A, Hill R, Doblin M, Beardall J, Ralph P, Heraud P. Phenotypic plasticity of Southern Ocean diatoms: key to success in the sea ice habitat?. PLoS ONE, 2013, DOI
81	Sagheb-Talebi K, Sajedi T, Pourhashemi M. Forests of Iran: ‘a treasure from the past, a hope for the future’, 2014 Publishing Springer Verlag 15-65
82	Sasongko PE, Purwanto P, Dewi WS, Hidayat R (2019) Soil microbial communities below decomposing plant litter from different land uses in Tutur Village. The 9th International Conference on Global Resource Conservation (ICGRC) and AJI from Ritsumeikan University AIP Conf Proc
83	Sayyad E (2009) The effects of afforested stands on nutrition, nutrients return and soil fauna. PhD thesis of Forestry, Tarbiat Modares University, pp. 96.
84	Schinner F, Von Mersi W. Xylanase-, CM-cellulose-and invertase activity in soil: an improved method. Soil Biol Biochem, 1990, 22: 511-515, DOI
85	Schlesinger WH, Raikes JA, Hartley AE, Cross AF. On spatial pattern of soil nutrients in desert ecosystems. Ecology, 1996, 77: 364-374, DOI
86	Sefidi K, Esfandiary Darabad F, Azaryan M. Effect of topography on tree species composition and volume of coarse woody debris in an oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) old growth forest, northern Iran. Iforest, 2016, 9: 658-665, DOI
87	Sigurdsson BD, Guoleifsson BE. Impact of afforestation on earthworm populations in Iceland. Icel Agric Sci, 2014, 26: 21-36
88	Silva DKA, de Oliveira FN, de Souza RG, da Silva FSB, de Araujo ASF, Maia LC. Soil microbial biomass and activity under natural and regenerated forests and conventional sugarcane plantations in Brazil. Geoderma, 2012, 189: 257-261, DOI
89	Singh R, Bhardwaj DR, Pala NA, Kaushal R, Rajput BS. Soil microbial characteristics in sub-tropical agro-ecosystems of North Western Himalaya. Curr Sci, 2018, 115: 1956-1959, DOI
90	Suthar S. Seasonal dynamics in earthworm density, casting activity and soil nutrient cycling under Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) in semiarid tropics, India. Environmentalist, 2012, 32: 503-511, DOI
91	Taleshi SAR, Dhumal KN, Alipour A, Espahbodi K, Ghasemi O. Impact of alder (Alnus subcordata) in fertility of forest soil. Res J Environ Sci, 2009, 3: 640-644, DOI
92	Tardy V, Mathieu O, Leveque J, Terrat S, Chabbi A, Lemanceau P, Ranjard L, Maron PA. Stability of soil microbial structure and activity depends on microbial diversity. Environ Microbiol Rep, 2014, 6: 173-183, DOI
93	Tarighat FS, Kooch Y. The effect of four types of broad-leaved trees on soil C and N storage and mineralization in forest areas of Noor City. Iran J Soil Water Res, 2018, 22(2): 175-188
94	Tucker Serniak L. The effects of earthworms on carbon dynamics in forest soils. Biol Invasions, 2017, 12: 213-229, DOI
95	Uri V, Aosaar J, Varik M, Becker H, Ligi K, Padari A, Kanal A, Lõhmus K. The dynamics of biomass production, carbon and nitrogen accumulation in grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) chronosequence stands in Estonia. For Ecol Manag, 2014, 327: 106-117, DOI
96	Vesterdal L, Elberling B, Christiansen JR, Callesen I, Schmidt IK. Soil respiration and rates of soil carbon turnover differ among six common European tree species. For Ecol Manag, 2012, 264: 185-196, DOI
97	De Vries W, de Jong A, Kros J, Spijker J. The use of soil nutrient balances in deriving forest biomass harvesting guidelines specific to region, tree species and soil type in the Netherlands. For Ecol Manag, 2021, 479, DOI
98	Wang QK, Xiao FM, He TX, Wang SL. Responses of labile soil organic carbon and enzyme activity in mineral soils to forest conversion in the subtropics. Ann for Res, 2013, 70: 579-587, DOI
99	Wang RZ, Creamer CA, Wang X, He P, Xu ZW, Jiang Y. The effects of a 9-year nitrogen and water addition on soil aggregate phosphorus and sulfur availability in semi-arid grassland. Ecol Indic, 2016, 61: 806-814, DOI
100	Wang Q, Kwak JH, Choi WJ, Chang SX. Decomposition of trembling aspen leaf litter under long-term nitrogen and sulfur deposition: Effects of litter chemistry and forest floor microbial properties. For Ecol Manag, 2018, 412: 53-61, DOI
101	Wang CQ, Xue L, Jiao RZ. Soil phosphorus fractions, phosphatase activity, and the abundance of phoC and phoD genes vary with planting density in subtropical Chinese fir plantations. Soil Tillage Res, 2021, 209, DOI
102	Wang ZH, Bai Y, Hou JF, Li F, Li XQ, Cao R, Deng YY, Wang HB, Jiang YR, Yang WQ. The changes in soil microbial communities across a Subalpine forest successional series. Forests, 2022, 13: 289, DOI
103	West PC, Gerber JS, Clark JM, Adhya TR, Scholes J, Scholes MC. Biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity as key drives of ecosystem services provided by soils. Soil, 2015, 1: 665-685, DOI
104	Whitehead AG, Hemming JR. A comparison of some quantitative methods of extracting small vermiform nematodes from soil. Ann Appl Biol, 1965, 55: 25-38, DOI
105	Wieder RK, Lang GE. A critique of the analytical methods used in examining decomposition data obtained from litterbags. Ecology, 1982, 63: 1636-1642, DOI
106	Yao YF, Shao MA, Fu XL, Wang X, Wei XR. Effects of shrubs on soil nutrients and enzymatic activities over a 0–100 cm soil profile in the desert-loess transition zone. CATENA, 2020, 174: 362-370, DOI
107	Zancan S, Trevisan R, Paoletti M. Soil algae composition under different agro-ecosystems in North-Eastern Italy. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 2006, 112: 1-12, DOI
108	Zeng DH, Hu YL, Chang SX, Fan ZP. Land cover change effects on soil chemical and biological properties after planting Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) in sandy lands in Keerqin, northeastern China. Plant Soil, 2014, 317: 121-133, DOI
109	Zhang WX, Li JX, Guo MF, Liao CH, He XX, Lin YB, Fu SL. The presence of earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus rather than organic matter sources indirectly controls N₂O flux in tropical plantation soils. Eur J Soil Biol, 2020, 96: 103150, DOI
110	Zheng Y, Wang S, Bonkowski M, Chen XY, Griffiths B, Hu F, Liu MQ. Litter chemistry influences earthworm effects on soil carbon loss and microbial carbon acquisition. Soil Biol Biochem, 2018, 123: 105-114, DOI
111	Zhong S, Zeng HC, Jin ZQ. Soil microbiological and biochemical properties as affected by different long-term banana-based rotations in the tropics. Pedosphere, 2015, 25: 868-877, DOI
112	Žifčáková L, Větrovský T, Howe A, Baldrian P. Microbial activity in forest soil reflects the changes in ecosystem properties between summer and winter. Environ Microbiol, 2016, 18(1): 288-301, DOI