Comparative analyses in ecology and evolution often face the challenge of controlling for the effects of shared ancestry (phylogeny) from those of ecological or trait-based predictors on species traits. Phylogenetic Generalized Linear Models (PGLMs) address this issue by integrating phylogenetic relationships into statistical models. However, accurately partitioning explained variance among correlated predictors remains challenging. The phylolm.hp R package tackles this problem by extending the concept of “average shared variance” to PGLMs, enabling nuanced quantification of the relative importance of phylogeny and other predictors. The package calculates individual likelihood-based R² contributions of phylogeny and each predictor, accounting for both unique and shared explained variance. This approach overcomes limitations of traditional partial R² methods, which often fail to sum the total R² due to multicollinearity. We demonstrate the functionality of phylolm.hp through two case studies: one involving continuous trait data (maximum tree height in Californian species) and another focusing on binary trait data (species invasiveness in North American forests). The phylolm.hp package offers researchers a powerful tool to disentangle the contributions of phylogenetic and ecological predictors in comparative analyses.

The ecological and evolutionary mechanisms underlying montane biodiversity patterns remain unresolved. To understand which factors determined community assembly rules in mountains, biogeographic affinity that represents the biogeographic and evolutionary history of species should incorporate with current environments. We aim to address two following questions: 1) How does plant taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity with disparate biogeographic affinities vary along the subtropical elevational gradient? 2) How do biogeographic affinity and environmental drivers regulate the community assembly? We collected woody plant survey data of 32 forest plots in a subtropical mountain of Mt. Guanshan with typical transitional characteristics, including 250 woody plant species belonging to 56 families and 118 genera. We estimated the effects of biogeographic affinity, climate and soil properties on taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of plant communities employing linear regression and structural equation models. We found that the richness of temperate-affiliated species increased with elevations, but the evenness decreased, while tropical-affiliated species had no significant patterns. Winter temperature directly or indirectly via biogeographic affinity shaped the assemblage of woody plant communities along elevations. Biogeographic affinity affected what kind of species could colonize higher elevations while local environment determined their fitness to adapt. These results suggest that biogeographic affinity and local environment jointly lead to the dominance of temperate-affiliated species at higher elevations and shape the diversity of woody plant communities along elevational gradients. Our findings highlight the legacy effect of biogeographic affinity on the composition and structure of subtropical montane forests.

A robust and stable phylogenetic framework is a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. As the third largest insect order, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are central to terrestrial ecosystems and serve as important models for biologists studying ecology and evolutionary biology. However, for such an insect group, the higher-level phylogenetic relationships among its superfamilies remain poorly resolved. Here, we increased taxon sampling among Lepidoptera (37 superfamilies and 68 families containing 263 taxa), obtaining a series of amino-acid data sets from 69 680 to 400 330 aa in length for phylogenomic reconstructions. Using these data sets, we explored the effect of different taxon sampling with significant increases in gene loci on tree topology using maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. Moreover, we also tested the effectiveness of topology robustness among the three ML-based models. The results demonstrated that taxon sampling is an important determinant in tree robustness of accurate phylogenetic estimation for species-rich groups. Site-wise heterogeneity was identified as a significant source of bias, causing inconsistent phylogenetic positions among ditrysian lineages. The application of the posterior mean site frequency (PMSF) model provided reliable estimates for higher-level phylogenetic relationships of Lepidoptera. Phylogenetic inference presented a comprehensive framework among lepidopteran superfamilies, and revealed some new sister relationships with strong supports (Papilionoidea is sister to Gelechioidea, Immoidea is sister to Galacticoidea, and Pyraloidea is sister to Hyblaeoidea, respectively). The current study provides essential insights for future phylogenomic investigations in species-rich lineages of Lepidoptera and enhances our understanding on phylogenomics of highly diversified groups.

Recent phylogenomic studies have confirmed that Scirtidae is one of the earliest-diverging groups of polyphagan beetles. Cretaceous fossils and genome-scale data have shown promise in elucidating the evolutionary history of Scirtidae. However, knowledge about the Mesozoic diversity of scirtids remains limited, and a recent phylogenomic study of Australasian Scirtinae failed to consider among-site compositional heterogeneity. In this study, we present a refined phylogeny of Scirtinae by analyzing ultraconserved element data under the better-fitting site-heterogeneous CAT-GTR+G4 model. A new scirtine fossil, Serracyphon philipsi gen. et sp. nov., is reported from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber. This fossil is characterized by serrate antennae, uncarinated antennomere 1, absence of subocular carinae, and absence of a buttonhole on subgenal ridges. The placement of Serracyphon is evaluated within our updated phylogenomic framework for scirtine evolution. Additionally, we critically reevaluate the taxonomy of the “Scirtes” fossils previously described from the Eocene of the Isle of Wight.

The genus Micromonospora, a globally distributed actinomycete inhabiting diverse ecosystems, is widely recognized for its remarkable biosynthetic capacity and role as a prolific source of bioactive natural products. However, the members of the genus Micromonospora from extreme environments remain largely unstudied. In this study, we isolated 15 Micromonospora spp. strains from samples collected in desert and marine habitats. Based on polyphasic taxonomy approaches eight strains were identified and represent four novel species. Genome mining of the newly isolated strains revealed substantial biosynthetic potential for terpenes (n = 70, 22.9% of total biosynthetic gene clusters [BGCs]) and polyketides (n = 60, 19.6% of total BGCs). Subsequent pan-genomic analysis identified substantial numbers of terpene-related (n = 745, 33.8% of total biosynthetic genes [BGs]) and polyketide-related (n = 728, 33.0%) BGs in the core genome, highlighting their core biosynthetic potential. To further investigate their metabolic capacity, fermentation and metabolomic profiling were conducted to assess the secondary metabolite production capacity of all 15 strains. The results revealed a diverse array of alkaloids (averaging 75.3, 33.4% of total annotated secondary metabolites) and amino acid-derived peptides (averaging 56.3, 25.0% of total). These findings also highlight significant metabolic variations among strains and underscore the pivotal role of fermentation conditions in shaping their metabolic profiles. This study advances the taxonomic and functional understanding of Micromonospora spp. and presents a multi-omics framework combining genome mining and metabolomics to explore the biosynthetic potential of wild-type strains from extreme habitats.

The maintenance of species boundaries between widespread and narrow endemic congeneric species in sympatric sites remains a fundamental question in ecology and evolutionary biology. For plants with specialized pollination mechanisms, pre- and postpollination isolation mechanisms likely play distinct roles in reproductive isolation and species integrity. Parnassia (Celastraceae) is characterized by one-by-one stamen movement and has its distribution center in southwest China, where many widespread and local endemic species coexist. To quantify pre- and postpollination barriers and their relative roles in maintaining species boundaries, we conducted field experiments with the widespread Parnassia wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn. and the local endemic Parnassia amoena Diels over two separate years at Jinfo Mountain, southwest China. We examined four prepollination barriers (ecogeography, blooming phenology, stamen movement, and pollinator type) and three postpollination barriers (fruit set, seed production, and seed viability). Our findings indicate that prepollination barriers played a more significant role in reproductive isolation than postpollination barriers. For the widely distributed P. wightiana, ecogeographical isolation was the primary barrier, followed by phenology and pollinator type isolation. In the narrow endemic P. amoena, which exhibits slower stamen movement, this feature contributed significantly to isolation, with phenological isolation being the second most important factor. Among postpollination barriers, seed viability was the most significant for both species. Our results indicate that prepollination barriers are the predominant isolation mechanism for these two sympatric Parnassia species, and stamen movement may serve as a novel type of prepollination barrier, particularly for the narrow endemic species.

Floral color and odor serve as attractants for pollinators. It remains unclear how changes in these traits in color-change species interact with pollinators and impact a plant's reproductive success. Lonicera calcarata flowers change from white (Night 1 [N1] and Day 1 [D1]) through yellow (Night 2 [N2]) and orange (Day 2 [D2]) to orange-red (Night 3 [N3] and Day 3 [D3]). Our research showed that floral characters, stigma activity, nectar production and floral spectral reflectance decreased through the flowering phases. Floral odor mainly comprised fatty acids, aldehydes, monoterpenes and alcohols, especially n-hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanal and 3-carene. Floral odor peaked on N1 and N3, largely due to the presence of fatty acids. The emission of n-hexadecanoic acid was higher on N1 and N3 compared with other phases, while hexadecanal emission remained constant throughout the flowering stages. The emission of 3-carene was highest on N1. Lonicera calcarata was mainly pollinated by the moth Chorodna strixaria, the butterfly Acosmeryx naga and three bumblebees (Bombus melanurus, B. eximius, B. sonani) and they all preferred to visit white (younger) flowers. Moths had a preference for 3-carene and no significant preference for n-hexadecanoic acid and hexadecanal. Seed sets of nocturnal pollination and control treatments were not significantly different. Lonicera calcarata could produce seeds by self-pollination; cross-pollination significantly increased the seed set. Floral color guides pollinators to visit younger flowers with more floral rewards and higher stigma activity. Different chemical compounds in floral odor may not only attract pollinators but also avoid herbivore damage.

Due to the high cost of whole-genome sequencing and the sampling difficulty of transcriptome sequencing in non-model plants, evolutionary studies often depend on next-generation sequencing (NGS) data. Nonetheless, current approaches typically focus on assembling chloroplast genomes or a few nuclear loci, leaving much of the genomic information from NGS underexploited. In this study, we employed multigenomic data sets and advanced analytical pipelines to reconstruct a robust phylogenetic framework for 39 Bupleurum. Nuclear gene data sets and organellar genomes derived from NGS were analyzed. We successfully reconstructed a robust phylogenetic framework for East Asia (EA) Bupleurum, in which two clades were strongly supported and all intersectional relationships were resolved. Phylogenetic discordance was mainly caused by incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization. Divergence dating estimated the origin of Bupleurum at ∼50.76 Ma, with the two subgenera (Penninervia and Bupleurum) diverging at 42.26 Ma. The EA lineages emerged around 22.85 Ma, with Group I diverging at 11 Ma and Group II at 8.72 Ma. Notably, diversification rates remained stable within both EA groups. Combined with geological events and gene–environment correlations, precipitation seasonality (PSN) showed the strongest phylogenetic signals with the Single Copy Orthologue (SCO) tree. The arid event in Central Asia may have driven the adaptation of EA Bupleurum (especially in EA Group II species) to arid, sun-exposed environments. By integrating phylogenetics, geology, and environmental data, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary history and adaptive strategies of Bupleurum in EA, offering valuable insight into the interplay between genetic and ecological factors in plant diversification.

Although considerable progress has recently been made in the phylogeny of Hymenasplenium, the genus remains poorly investigated; specifically, the diversification and historical biogeography of the genus have been little studied. Here, we infer an updated plastid DNA phylogeny and the first large-scale nuclear DNA phylogeny to understand the biogeography of the genus. The plastid phylogeny includes 312 accessions from across the genus′ distribution range (ca. 121% increase of the latest sampling), with special attention paid to island accessions from 14 Indian Ocean and Pacific islands, whereas the nuclear phylogeny includes 161 accessions of the Afro–Eurasian species. We identify one new major clade and two new subclades. Reticulate evolution was revealed both among subclades and among species in the Afro–Eurasian. Our divergence-time analyses show that most of the extant species diversity has arisen from diversification after the Oligocene despite a Cretaceous origin of the genus. Ancestral area reconstruction revealed that vicariance likely played a major role in building biogeographic patterns at deep evolutionary scales (the Afro–Eurasian clade and the American clade) in Hymenasplenium, while the intercontinental disjunctions within the Afro–Eurasian clade among Asia, Africa, and Oceania might have resulted from frequent long-distance dispersal events from Asia to Oceania and Africa.

Understanding how East Asian subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests (EBLFs) have evolved over time is not only vital for biodiversity conservation but also facilitates predictive modeling of ecosystem services under global change scenarios. During recent decades, numerous studies have been devoted to investigating the evolution of EBLFs. However, there are often contradictory interpretations of the different taxa associated with different geological events and environmental backgrounds. Here, we synthesize several key aspects of the spatiotemporal evolution of EBLFs. First, the EBLFs emerged concomitantly with the development of Asian monsoon systems, occurring no earlier than the Eocene. While the southernmost region was inhabited by tropical elements, EBLFs are not the direct relic of boreotropical flora because of the presence of a broad arid belt at that time. Rather, they represent a unique assemblage including boreotropical relics, tropical floras and deciduous broad-leaved forests. Second, the evolution of EBLFs should not be contextualized within an enclave, the adjacent vegetation systems to elucidate the potential connections between EBLFs and other biomes should be considered to avoid an isolated phenomenon. Third, the adaptive response of EBLFs to environmental changes caused by anthropogenic disturbance in subtropical regions remains understudied. Such a knowledge gap must be addressed to develop effective conservation strategies to sustain the ecosystem amid the dual pressure of climate change and human activity in the future. Finally, current research has predominantly focused on the dominant tree species in EBLFs, whereas comprehensive understanding requires expanding the investigation of associated flora, including understory trees and herbaceous plants. This review not only consolidates contemporary perspectives on the evolution of EBLFs but also proposes a framework to navigate the Anthropocene challenges. By bridging historical patterns with future projections, we aim to catalyze transformative research on EBLFs’ resilience and sustainable management, fostering further research and development regarding the resurgence.

Clarifying the diversity and distribution of wild vascular plants in Shanxi Province is crucial for effective plant diversity conservation efforts in the region. Flora of Shanxi, the most authoritative record of plant cataloging and distribution in Shanxi, has been available for over 20 years. During this period, the plant classification system has evolved significantly, and many new plant records have emerged in Shanxi Province. However, a comprehensive, accurate, and scientific catalog of wild vascular plants remains unavailable. Based on volumes 1-5 of the Flora of Shanxi, this study comprehensively collected relevant literature on vascular plant research in Shanxi since 1980. Using extensive field investigations and related research data collected by the authors in Shanxi Province, the wild plant list was reviewed and refined, including revisions to plant names, protection status, and distribution down to the county level. This dataset presents the latest catalog of wild vascular plants in Shanxi, divided into confirmed and doubtful species lists. As of June 26, 2024, this dataset included 2,438 species, 73 subspecies, 229 varieties, and 4 forms across 147 families and 763 genera. The dataset included lycophytes and ferns (117 species, 4 varieties in 15 families and 34 genera), gymnosperms (13 species, 4 varieties in 4 families and 8 genera), and angiosperms (2,308 species, 73 subspecies, 221 varieties, and 4 forms in 128 families and 721 genera). Additionally, 36 species, 4 varieties in 19 families and 27 genera were listed in List of Key Protected Wild Plants in China (2021), and 119 species, 1 subspecies, and 2 varieties in 47 families and 80 genera were listed in List of Key Protected Wild Plants in Shanxi Province (Jin Zheng Han [2023] No. 126). Further work should prioritize species with limited distribution data and species of concern to further enhance catalog plan in Shanxi Province. This research can provide fundamental data for updating the Flora of Shanxi and advancing plant diversity conservation strategies within Shanxi Province.

Database/Dataset Profile

Title	A dataset on inventory and geographical distributions of vascular plants in Shanxi, China
Data author(s)	Shuai Li, Weihua Liu, Yudan Xu, Xiaobo Tian, Houjuan Song, Xiaoting Yue, Lingling Wu, Qing Zhang, Tieliang Shanguan
Data corresponding author	Tieliang Shanguan (sgtl_55@163.com)
Time range	1980-2024
Geographical scope	Shanxi
File size	571 KB
Data volume	3,078 records
Data format	*.xlsx
Data link	https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.27756 https://www.biodiversity-science.net/fileup/1005-0094/DATA/2024317.zip
Database/Dataset composition	The dataset includes 2 data tables (confirmed and questionable species), containing a total of 3,078 records (2,744 confirmed and 334 questionable) across 22 fields. The 22 fields are as follow: sequence number, main categories of vascular plants, family number, Chinese family name, family, genus number, Chinese genus name, genus, species number, Chinese name, scientific name, author, scientific name in data sources, rank, reference for taxonomic treatment, status, data source, distribution, rank in List of Key Protected Wild Plants in China (2021), whether it is affiliated with List of Key Protected Wild Plants in Shanxi Province, specimen voucher museum collection barcode/journal source, specimen collector/collection number.

We screened 161 eligible papers of experimental data across the Tibetan plateau for Meta-analysis, in order to systematically assess and validate potential application of plant resource allocation strategies, such as the optimal allocation hypothesis, the isometric allocation hypothesis, and the allometric allocation hypothesis under environmental changes, and to explore the effects of environmental factors (temperature change, grazing intensity) on plant resource allocation strategies in alpine grassland ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau. Overall, we found that the aboveground and belowground growth relationship in alpine grasslands follows the allometric growth hypothesis, which was unaffected by warming, grazing and their interactions. In addition, the biomass transferred between aboveground and belowground, the former was decreased, while the later was increased under warming condition in alpine steppe implies that the resource allocation strategy in alpine steppe grassland may potentially follow the optimal allocation hypothesis. We further found that the effect of soil properties on biomass, not the biomass allocation, was different under warming and grazing condition in alpine grasslands, which further conforms the above conclusion. In addition, warming helped to mitigate the negative effects of grazing, which indicated that the interaction between warming and grazing is important in alpine grassland ecosystems. Overall, results of this study are of theoretical significance for understanding how moderate grazing affects the growth of plants in alpine grasslands under changing climate.

Drought represents a paramount abiotic stressor constraining global agroforestry productivity. Plants have evolved multifaceted adaptive strategies involving active modulation of symbiotic microbial communities to mitigate drought stress. These plant-associated microbes enhance plant drought adaptation via five principal mechanisms: (i) extracellular polymeric substance-mediated biofilm formation on plant surface enhances hydroregulation and edaphic structural stability; (ii) osmoprotectant biosynthesis (e.g., proline) maintains cellular osmotic equilibrium; (iii) synthesizing antioxidants to reduce damage from reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress; (iv) regulating plant phytohormone metabolism by secreting hormones (e.g. indole-3-acetic acid) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic deaminase; (v) emitting signaling molecules (e.g. volatile organic compounds, hormones and enzymes) to activate plant drought adaptation. Future researches should focus on the development of host-specific drought-adaptive microbial consortia while elucidating phyllosphere–rhizosphere microbiome crosstalk, ultimately harnessing translational microbiome engineering to evaluate their efficacy in multi-environment agricultural systems.

Inferring general biogeographic patterns in the sub-Antarctic region has been challenging due to the disparate geological origins of its islands and archipelagos—ranging from Gondwanan fragments to uplifted seafloor and more recently formed volcanic islands—and the remoteness of these island systems, spread around the austral continental landmasses. Here, we conduct phylogenetic reconstruction, divergence time estimation, and Bayesian Island Biogeographic analyses to reconstruct the spatio–temporal colonization histories of seven vascular plant lineages, which are either widespread across the sub-Antarctic region (Acaena magellanica, Austroblechnum penna-marina, Azorella selago, Notogrammitis crassior) or restricted to an extremely remote sub-Antarctic province (Colobanthus kerguelensis, Polystichum marionense, Pringlea antiscorbutica). Our results reveal high biological connectivity within the sub-Antarctic region, with southern landmasses (Australia, New Zealand, South America) as key sources of sub-Antarctic plant diversity since the Miocene, supporting long-distance dispersal as the primary colonization mechanism rather than tectonic vicariance. Despite the geographic isolation of the sub-Antarctic islands, eastward and westward colonization events have maintained this connectivity, likely facilitated by eastward-moving marine and wind currents, short-term weather systems, and/or dispersal by birds. Divergence time estimates indicate that most species diverged within the Plio–Pleistocene, with crown ages predating the Last Glacial Maximum, suggesting that sub-Antarctic archipelagos acted as refuges for biodiversity. Our findings highlight the role of one of the most remote sub-Antarctic archipelagos as both a refugium and a source of (re)colonization for continental regions. These results underscore the urgent need for establishing priority conservation plans in the sub-Antarctic, particularly in the face of climate change.

Transgenic and gene-editing technologies are essential for gene functional analysis and crop improvement. However, the pleiotropic effects and unknown mechanisms of morphogenic genes have hindered their broader application. In this study, we employed the one-step de novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) method, and demonstrated that overexpression of the morphogenic gene Arabidopsis thanalia GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR 5 (AtGRF5) significantly enhanced genetic transformation efficiency in cucurbit crops by promoting callus proliferation and increasing dense cells during regeneration. High-resolution time-series transcriptomics and single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that AtGRF5 overexpression induced auxin-related genes and expanded stem cell populations during cucumber DNSO. Using DNA-affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) in combination with spatiotemporal differential gene expression analysis, we identified CsIAA19 as a key downstream target of AtGRF5, with its modulation playing a pivotal role in regeneration. Rescuing CsIAA19 in AtGRF5-overexpressing explant reversed the enhanced callus proliferation and regeneration. To address growth defects caused by AtGRF5 overexpression, we developed an abscisic acid-inducible AtGRF5 expression system, significantly improving transformation and gene-editing efficiency across diverse genotypes while minimizing pleiotropic effects. In summary, this research provides mechanistic insights into AtGRF5-mediated transformation and offers a practical solution to overcome challenges in cucurbit crop genetic modification.

Pathogen infection is a serious threat to plant growth and development, causing severe crop yield reduction. The plant immune system, which is mainly composed of PTI (pattern-triggered immunity) and ETI (effector-triggered immunity), plays an essential role in resistance against pathogen infection. A large amount of research focused on resolving the key immune receptors/co-receptors, the components and regulation mechanisms of the PTI and ETI signaling pathways, and the biosynthesis and signaling pathways of the plant immune hormones salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. The major events during plant immune responses include pathogen recognition, the outburst of reactive oxygen species, Ca²⁺ influx, MAPK cascade signaling, and the induced expression of downstream defense genes. Recent studies have revealed that the expression of plant immune-related genes is not only regulated at the transcriptional level. The stability, translation efficiency, and translation products of their mRNAs are affected by a variety of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, including alternative splicing, m⁶A modification, small RNAs, uORFs, and R-motifs. Here, we summarized the present understanding of the plant immune system and mainly introduced the latest studies of the post-transcriptional regulation of plant immunity. This review also covered some findings that showed how pathogen interferes with the host post-transcriptional regulatory machinery. Some post-transcriptional regulatory elements have been successfully applied in crops. This application provides new molecular tools for improving diseases resistance and contribution to food security, as well as useful components for molecular breeding.

Pinus densata Alliance is one of the most widespread pine forests in mountains of southwest China. Endemic to China, this alliance occurs in west Sichuan, northwest Yunnan, and southeast Xizang. In this study, we defined the geographic distribution boundary and priliminarily ascertained the geographic distribution area of P. densata Alliance based on previous literature and field investigation sites. Using data from 48 plots surveyed during 2020-2022, we proposed a preliminary scheme of vegetation classification and described the community structure characteristics for P. densata Alliance, and analyzed species composition characteristics combined with data from 11 plots surveyed in 2012. The results showed that (1) the distribution area of P. densata Alliance covered 33 counties and cities, including Yajiang, Xiangcheng, Daocheng, Dêqên, Xamgyi’nyilha, Markam, Mainling, and so on, at an altitude ranging from (1 300) 2 500 to 3 800 (4 000) m, and the eastern, western, northern and southern boundaries were Donggu Town in Danba County, Zengqi Township in Sangri County, Puxi Township in Zamtang County, and Yulong Snow Mountain in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County. (2) 522 vascular plant species belonging to 222 genera and 67 families were recorded, among which there were 500 seed plants belonging to 209 genera and 60 families, and 233 Chinese endemic plants belonging to 114 genera and 42 families, and the north temperate element was the dominant areal-type. (3) Based on the differences in community structure and species composition, P. densata Alliance could be classified into 7 association groups and 20 associations.

The Juniperus przewalskii forests is a unique vegetation type that only appear in China. They are widely distributed in the mountains of the northeastern edge of the Qingzang Plateau, which became a representative community of the alpine timberline and the forest-grass ecotone. Such forests play crucial roles in slope protection, soil conservation, water source preservation, and habitat improvement. A systematic study on their distribution, composition, and characteristics can provide a scientific basis for the current protection, utilization, and sustainable management of J. przewalskii forests. We conducted a comprehensive survey of J. przewalskii forests throughout the growing seasons from 2018 to 2022. We set up 53 new survey plots and compiled data from 20 historical survey plots; the results covered the entire distribution area of J. przewalskii forests. Through community quantitative statistics and cluster analysis, the main results are as follows. (1) J. przewalskii forests are primarily distributed on sunny and semi-sunny mountain slopes from 2 800 to 3 800 m. They usually occupy harsh environment that is dry, barren, and steep slopes. The existing forests are mostly climax communities after secondary successions. Such forest stands are relatively sparse, with a canopy coverage of 0.2 to 0.6 and an average height from 5 to 13 m. The vertical structure consists of the tree layer, shrub layer, and herb layer. The tree layer is dominated by J. przewalskii, and the diameter class structure shows a right-skewed normal distribution, with the diameter at breast height mainly distributed in the 4-8 cm range. The shrub layer and herb layer vary greatly with changes in habitat conditions. (2) A total of 370 species of vascular plants have been recorded, which belong to 48 families and 151 genera. Among them, there are 45 families, 148 genera of angiosperms, 2 families and 2 genera of gymnosperms, and 1 family and 1 genus of pteridophytes. The top three dominant families are Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Fabaceae. There are obviously more herbaceous species than woody species in terms of the composition of vegetation forms. (3) Juniperus przewalskii forests can be further classified into 11 association groups and 25 associations based on the dominant and characteristic species of the community. The spatial distribution exhibits a clear ecological sequence, including (from low to high altitude) J. przewalskii - Berberis diaphana - Herb Association Group, J. przewalskii - Dasiphora fruticosa - Herb Association Group, J. przewalskii - Dasiphora parvifolia - Herb Association Group, and J. przewalskii - Dasiphora glabra - Herb Association Group. In areas with significant human disturbance, the shrub layer in the community is poorly developed and gradually develops into Juniperus przewalskii - Herb Association group.

Interspecific plant–soil feedback (PSF)—the influence of soil conditioned by one plant species on another—is key to ecosystem processes but remains challenging to predict due to complex factors like species origin and phylogenetic relatedness. These aspects are underexplored, limiting our understanding of the mechanisms driving PSFs and their broader implications for ecosystem functioning and species coexistence. To shed light on the role of plant species origin and phylogenetic distance in interspecific PSFs, we conducted a greenhouse experiment with 10 native responding species and soils conditioned by 10 native and 10 exotic species resulting in 20 species pairs. These pairs represented a range of phylogenetic distances between both species, spanning up to 270 million years of evolutionary history since their last common ancestor. Conditioning by both native and exotic species reduced biomass production, with stronger inhibition observed for native-conditioned soils. Native-conditioned soils also exhibited lower phosphorus levels, higher basal and specific respiration, and greater cation exchange capacity, base saturation, and magnesium content compared to exotic-conditioned soils. Contrary to expectations, phylogenetic distance did not influence PSFs, regardless of conditioning species origin. Our findings suggest that co-evolution drives native plants to foster microbial communities with low carbon-use efficiency, highlighting soil biota’s critical role in PSFs. This advances our understanding of interactions between plant species origin and microbial communities and underlines the importance of microbial management for promoting native species and controlling invasives. The lack of phylogenetic distance effects aligns with prior studies, indicating evolutionary relatedness alone does not reliably predict PSF outcomes.

In recent years, we have witnessed transformative breakthroughs in plant disease resistance research, particularly in deciphering the intricate interplay between hosts and pathogens. Cutting-edge discoveries span pathogen recognition mechanisms, immune signaling cascades, and multi-layered interactions integrating plants, pathogens, vectors, and environmental variables. Notably, pioneering studies from domestic research institutions have driven progress across pathogen-sensing systems, secondary metabolite-mediated defense, immune module engineering in crops, and artificial intelligence (AI)-powered solutions for pathogen-resistant peptide design. The rapid development of CRISPR/ Cas9-based gene editing and AI technologies has further empowered researchers to engineer disease-resistant crop varieties with unprecedented precision. Such progress holds profound implications for ensuring national food security and advancing strategic priorities in disease-resistant crop breeding, marking a transformative era in agricultural biotechnology and sustainable agriculture.

Synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) are a promising tool for making full use of the beneficial functions imparted by whole bacterial consortia. However, the complexity of reconstructed SynComs often limits their application in sustainable agriculture. Furthermore, inter-strain interactions are often neglected during SynCom construction. Here, we propose a strategy for constructing a simplified and functional SynCom (sfSynCom) by using elite helper strains that significantly improve the beneficial functions of the core symbiotic strain, here Bradyrhizobium elkanii BXYD3, to sustain the growth of soybean (Glycine max). We first identified helper strains that significantly promote nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean mediated by BXYD3. Two of these helper strains assigned to the Pantoea taxon produce acyl homoserine lactones, which significantly enhanced the colonization and infection of soybean by BXYD3. Finally, we constructed a sfSynCom from these core and helper strains. This sfSynCom based on the core-helper strategy was more effective at promoting nodulation than inoculation with BXYD3 alone and achieved effects comparable to those of a complex elite SynCom previously constructed on the basis of potential beneficial functions between microbes and plants alone. Our results suggest that considering interactions between strains as well as those between strains and the host plant might allow construction of sfSynComs.

INTRODUCTION Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is one of the foremost vegetable crops globally. Photosynthesis intricately influences the fruit yield of cucumber, and leaf color determines the photosynthetic efficiency to a large extent. Therefore, Leaf color mutants serve as ideal materials for scrutinizing diverse physiological processes, including photomorphogenesis, chloroplast development, chlorophyll metabolism, and photosynthetic mechanisms. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying the yellowing lethal phenotype remain unclear.

RATIONALE In this study, a stable cucumber yellowing lethal mutant, ycl(yellow cotyledon lethal), was isolated from the near-isogenic line XYYH-2-1-1. The phenotype, leaf microstructure and chloroplast ultrastructure, as well as physiological and biochemical analyses, were conducted on the mutant ycl and the wild-type XYYH-3-1 to explore the physiological mechanisms underlying the yellowing lethal phenotype. Preliminary localisation of yellowing lethal mutation genes was performed by whole genome resequencing using BSA. The integration of transcriptome sequencing allowed us to analyze the expression of genes related to yellowing death and the main pathways. This approach laid a solid foundation for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms responsible for the lethal phenotype associated with yclyellowing.

RESULTS The ycl mutant exhibited yellow cotyledons, which ultimately withered and perished within approximately two weeks. Notably, its growth-inhibiting phenotype appeared to be light-independent. Compared to the wild type, ycl accumulated extremely low Chl a and Chl b contents, which was consistent with the blockade in the magnesium ion chelation process within the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. Microscopic and ultrastructural analyses revealed disordered ycl leaf structure and inhibited chloroplast development. Additionally, the ycl mutant displayed significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde contents, suggesting elevated oxidative stress levels and robust antioxidant capacities. The substantial decrease in net photosynthetic rate and rise in intercellular CO₂ concentration in ycl were hypothesized to stem from reduced stomatal conductance, diminished chlorophyll content, and impaired chloroplast development in the mutant. Transcriptomic analyses suggested that key pathways including photosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, chlorophyll metabolism, and reactive oxygen species metabolism were affected in ycl. The ycl mutant gene was preliminarily mapped to a region between 1.48 to 1.9 Mb on chromosome 3 through BSA-seq analysis, encompassing 41 candidate genes.

CONCLUSION The study investigated the physiological mechanisms underlying the yellowing lethal phenotype of the yclmutant, preliminarily mapped the mutant gene to chromosome 3, and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and key pathways associated with the lethal phenotype. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of chloroplast development in cucumber.

Phenotypic changes of WT and the ycl mutant at the cotyledon stage under natural light conditions, and preliminary mapping of the mutant gene.

Tree allometric models based on height (H) and diameter (D) are the most commonly used method to estimate forest biomass. Environments and stand characteristics are recognized to affect tree allometries. However, few studies have considered to incorporate these effects into allometric models, which restricts the use of these models in a wide domain. Adopting the power-law function Y = aG^b as a basic model where Y is either tree height or biomass and the corresponding G is tree diameter D at breast height or D²H, we developed a two-step approximation procedure to quantify the effects of environments and stand characteristics on allometric coeffcients a and b for Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus forest in China. Results show that most of the allometric coeffcients are dependent on stand characteristics for C. lanceolata forest, and on mean annual temperature, stand age and latitude for Pinus forest. The allometric models via the two-step approximation Y = f(α + α_jx_j) G^{f (β+βixi)} (x_j or x_i are key drivers associated with environments and stand characteristics. α, α_j,β and β_i are regression coeffcients) considerably improved the accuracy of tree height and biomass estimation. Compared to the basic model, the second approximation models signifcantly reduced the mean absolute bias between the observed and computed values by 25%–34% for C. lanceolata and by 21%–26% for Pinus forest, respectively. Our results highlight the necessity of incorporating environments and stand characteristics into the allometric models and provide a universal method to accurately estimate H-D-based tree biomass across a wider domain.

The interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal（AM） fungi and soil bacteria plays a crucial role in plant phosphorus acquisition. This review systematically elucidated the impact of AM fungi-bacteria interactions on soil phosphorus cycling and their regulatory mechanisms. AM fungal hyphal exudates， including sugars， carboxylates， and amino acids， provide carbon sources for bacteria and specifically recruit phosphate-solubilizing bacteria， while the hyphae serve as "mobile bridges" to facilitate bacterial migration. Besides， AM fungi can modulate the structure and function of the hyphosphere microbiome， enriching functional bacteria carrying the phoD gene， enhancing phosphatase activity， and promoting organic phosphorus mineralization. Based on these mechanisms， strategies such as regulating soil C：P ratio and supplementing hyphal exudate components can regulate AM fungi-bacteria interactions and improve soil phosphorus utilization efficiency.

Dark septate endophytes（DSEs） constitute an important component of root-associated mycobiome and typically develop microsclerotia-like structures in cortical cells. Generally， DSEs perform functions similar to those of mycorrhizal fungi in promoting plant growth， nutrient uptake and stress tolerance. Under certain extreme environments， the abundance of DSEs often exceeds that of mycorrhizal fungi. In this review article， we first summarized the species diversity， basic biological traits and eco-physiological functions played by DSEs， an important component of root-associated mycobiome. We then mainly focused on the advances concerning mechanisms underlying plant-DSEs mutualism as well as genomic signatures and evolutionary adaptation of DSEs. Together， our understanding of more adaptive potentials of DSEs and their extended effects on improving plant abiotic tolerance emerged. Promisingly， the development of robust DSE inoculants used for ecological restoration of soils and improvement of plant productivity in agro-forestry systems under stressful environment was briefly discussed.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） are one of the crucial microbial communities in the soil ecosystem. Researches on AMF reproductive techniques and their applications in practice have profound significance for elevating agricultural production efficiency and sustainability. This paper reviewed the latest research advancements in the symbiotic mechanism of AMF and its application in propagation systems and microbial inoculants. It explored the molecular mechanism through which AMF establish symbiotic relationships with plant roots； analyzed the optimization strategies for AMF propagation systems， encompassing key factors such as aseptic culture techniques， substrate selection， and environmental control； discussed the application potential of AMF inoculants in actual production， including enhancing crop yields， strengthening plant stress resistance， and improving soil structure. It highlighted the practical issues existing in the current application domains of AMF and the future research directions. The purpose was to offer a reference for further comprehension of the significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and lay the foundation for the development of novel microbial inoculants and their application in agricultural ecosystems in the future.

Walnut（Juglans） is an important economic forest tree species in the world， whose growth and development are associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF）. The rhizosphere of walnuts is rich in AMF populations， with multiple species in ten genera. Planting patterns（e.g.， intercropping） and soil nutrients have an impact on AMF diversity in the walnut rhizosphere. However， deep-rooted walnut trees serve as a reservoir for AMF propagules， allowing for efficient nutrient（e.g.， phosphorus and carbon） redistribution among surrounding plants through the common mycorrhizal network. This review elucidated the mechanisms by which AMF enhanced walnut growth and survival， promoted nutrient（particularly phosphorus） uptake， and increased drought tolerance. It also explored the potential of AMF in enhancing and transferring juglone， a key secondary metabolite in walnuts. The paper concluded with a perspective on the study of walnut mycorrhizae.

Over the past two decades, our understanding of Lauraceae, a large family of woody plants, has undergone significant advances in phylogeny, taxonomy, and biogeography. Molecular systematic studies have elucidated the basic relationships within the family with plastid phylogenomic analyses providing robust support for deep-level relationships between Lauraceae lineages, leading to the recognition of nine tribes: Hypodaphnideae, Cryptocaryeae, Cassytheae, Neocinnamomeae, Caryodaphnopsideae, Mezilaureae, Perseeae, Laureae, and Cinnamomeae, with Mezilaureae validated here. Nuclear genomes and comparative genomics studies have also clarified aspects of the family’s evolutionary history and metabolic diversity. Taxonomic studies have focused mainly on the most diverse regions, e.g., tropical Asia, tropical America, and Africa (Madagascar), with six new genera described and five reinstated since the last major overview of the family. The extensive fossil record suggests that Lauraceae diversified globally during the Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic. Biogeographic studies indicate that different lineages of the family are sorted into Gondwanan and Laurasian lineages, with patterns resulting from the disruption of boreotropical flora and multiple long-distance dispersal events. Phylogeographic studies, predominantly from East Asia, have shown patterns of in situ survival and demographic stability or expansion during the Quaternary. Nevertheless, many systematic relationships within the family remain unresolved and further research is needed into the complex biogeographic history and ecological roles of Lauraceae. A multifaceted approach integrating genomic studies, field work, morphological and ecological investigations is therefore needed to understand the evolution and diversity of this ecologically and economically significant plant family.

Intraspecific genetic variance and gene flow can support the adaptive evolution of species challenged by climate shifts or novel environmental conditions. Less well understood is how genome organization and gene flow interact in closely related species during evolutionary divergence and differentiation. Here we conducted genomic footprint analyses to determine how three species of Pterocarya (P. stenoptera, P. hupehensis, and P. macroptera), which are sympatric but occupy different elevational niches, adapted to the heterogeneous environment of the Qinling-Daba Mountains, China. We identified candidate genes for environmental adaptation (i.e., PIEZO1, WRKY39, VDAC3, CBL1, and RAF), and also identified regions of gene introgression between P. hupehensis and P. macroptera that show lower genetic load and higher genetic diversity than the rest of their genomes. The same introgressed regions are notably situated in areas of minimal genetic divergence yet they are characterized by elevated recombination rates. We also identified candidate genes within these introgressed regions related to environmental adaptation (TPLC2, CYCH;1, LUH, bHLH112, GLX1, TLP-3, and ABC1). Our findings have thus clarified the important role of gene flow in ecological adaptation and revealed genomic signatures of past introgression. Together, these findings provide a stronger theoretical basis for understanding the ecological adaptation and conservation of Quaternary relict woody plants in East Asia.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays critical roles in modulating plant growth and stress response and its homeostasis is fine tuned using multiple peroxidases. H₂O₂, a major kind of ROS, is removed rapidly and directly using three catalases, CAT1, CAT2, and CAT3, in Arabidopsis. Although the activity regulations of catalases have been well studied, their degradation pathway is less clear. Here, we report that CAT2 and CAT3 protein abundance was partially controlled using the 26S proteasome. To further identify candidate proteins that modulate the stability of CAT2, we performed yeast-two-hybrid screening and recovered several clones encoding a protein with RING and vWA domains, CIRP1 (CAT2 Interacting RING Protein 1). Drought and oxidative stress downregulated CIRP1 transcripts. CIRP1 harbored E3 ubiquitination activity and accelerated the degradation of CAT2 and CAT3 by direct interaction and ubiquitination. The cirp1 mutants exhibited stronger drought and oxidative stress tolerance, which was opposite to the cat2 and cat3 mutants. Genetic analysis revealed that CIRP1 acts upstream of CAT2 and CAT3 to negatively regulate drought and oxidative stress tolerance. The increased drought and oxidative stress tolerance of the cirp1 mutants was due to enhanced catalase (CAT) activities and alleviated ROS levels. Our data revealed that the CIRP1–CAT2/CAT3 module plays a vital role in alleviating ROS levels and balancing growth and stress responses in Arabidopsis.

3D reconstruction technology involves using computer graphics and image processing technologies to extract the geometric and topological information of the target object from the two-dimensional image data. This information is then used to create a three-dimensional mathematical model that can be processed by a computer, enabling the virtual reconstruction of the target object. In plant science research, the construction of three-dimensional models has become an effective way to study plant growth and development, morphological structure and functional mechanism. These models provide robust support for multi-scale imaging, measurement and analysis, demonstrating significant application potential in the field of agriculture and forestry. In recent years, advancements in plant 3D reconstruction technology have led to diverse applications in botanical research, covering plant morphological structure modeling, growth and development dynamic monitoring, and plant breeding. In this paper, we summarize the development process of 3D reconstruction technology and its application in plant studies across different scales (from organs and tissues to cells). We focus on the basic principles and applications of these technologies, aiming to provide theoretical and technical support for multimodal cross-scale imaging and plant phenotypic and functional research. Additionally, this work offers a novel approach to understand the principles of plant growth and development and the mechanisms underlying their responses to environmental changes.

Aims The rhizosphere microbial network characteristics profoundly influence various ecological processes including soil carbon turnover, nutrient cycling and plant growth. Mycorrhizal types and root traits are crucial factors that affect plant growth and soil nutrient acquisition strategies. However, it is currently unclear how the root characteristics of different mycorrhizal tree species affect the topological structure of the rhizosphere microbial network.

Methods The present study focused on the secondary forest and investigated the root traits and rhizosphere soil microorganisms of five arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree species and seven ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree species to explore the impacts of mycorrhizal types on root traits and rhizosphere microbial network characteristics.

Important findings (1) Specific root length, root nitrogen, and root phosphorus contents of AM tree species were all higher than those of EcM tree species, while root tissue density, root diameter and root nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio showed no significant differences between the two mycorrhizal types. (2) The relative abundance of Rozellomycota in the rhizosphere of AM tree species was significantly higher than that of EcM tree species, while the relative abundance of Bacteroidota was significantly lower in AM tree species compared to EcM tree species. There was no significant difference in the biodiversity of rhizosphere microbial communities between different mycorrhizal type tree species. (3) The rhizosphere microbial networks of EcM tree species were more complex, and the negative bacterial cohesions of EcM tree species were significantly stronger than AM tree species. (4) The specific root length of AM tree species and the root diameter and root nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio of EcM tree species were identified as key factors predicting rhizosphere microbial network. These findings suggest that the mycorrhizal type of tree species significantly influences root traits such as specific root length and nutrient content to regulate the relationship between root traits and rhizosphere microbial communities and microbial network complexity.

Aims Studying the coordination and differences in the functional traits of leaves and fine roots can help better understand the ecological strategies of plants from a whole-plant perspective.

Methods In this study, we measured and analyzed the leaf and root traits of 20 woody species (10 trees and 10 shrubs) from the natural evergreen broadleaf forest in Wanmulin Nature Reserve, Fujian Province. We explored the coordination of root and leaf functional traits and differences in survival strategies between tree and understory shrub species in this subtropical natural evergreen broadleaf forest.

Important findings We found a strong correlation between the leaf nitrogen concentration and root nitrogen concentration, but this was observed only for similar traits of leaf and first-order root, irrespective of phylogeny. In the studied forest, there was a leaf economics spectrum and a leaf tissue density-leaf thickness variance axis, shaped by the measured leaf traits. For first-order root, we observed a cooperative axis (represented by the negative correlation between root diameter and specific root length) and a root economics spectrum (represented by the negative correlation between root nitrogen concentration and root tissue density). There was no significant correlation between root and leaf economic spectra. Significant differences were found between tree and shrub species only along the root collaboration axis, with trees having larger root diameters and shrubs having higher specific root lengths. In addition, the specific leaf area of shrub species was significantly larger than that of tree species. The results indicated that leaf and root traits are integrated into a complex relationship, with tree and shrub species adopting different aboveground and belowground strategies to adapt to the habitat heterogeneity in the studied area. Our results expand the understanding of the coordination between root and leaf traits at a local scale, and provide deeper insights into the ecological processes and species coexistence mechanisms within the community.

Aims Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, an evergreen coniferous tree species, plays a pivotal role in ecological restoration efforts in the deserts of northern China. This study aimed to elucidate the community assembly of belowground fungi and the intricate relationships between P. sylvestris var. mongolica and fungi in P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations. The findings would provide the novel microbial perspectives for sustainable management strategies of P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations.
Methods Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations of different stand ages (26, 37, and 46 a) in the Hulun Buir Sandy Land were selected to examine the diversity, composition and assembly pattern of root-associated fungi (RAF), rhizosphere soil fungi (RhSF) and non-rhizosphere soil fungi (NRhSF).
Important findings (1) Stand ages and niches significantly influenced fungal diversity. The fungal community richness and diversity indices ranked as follows: 46 a > 26 a > 37 a, and the dissimilarity gradually increased with the increase of the stand age. Among the different niches, the richness, diversity indexes, and dissimilarity were the highest in NRhSF, the middle in RhSF and the lowest in RAF. (2) The belowground fungi were assigned to 14 phyla and 592 genera. The belowground fungal communities of 26, 37, and 46 a plantations had 3, 1, and 5 abundant genera respectively, and they had symbiotic capability of endophytic or ectomycorrhizal fungi. RAF, RhSF, and NRhSF had 3, 8, and 5 abundant genera, respectively, and the proportions of Mortierellomycota and saprotrophic fungi increased from root to soil. (3) The primary assembly processes of belowground fungal communities were the dispersal limitation (63.54%), drift (22.06%) and homogeneous selection (12.90%). Stand age significantly correlated with structure of belowground fungi. Soil total phosphorus content, soil total nitrogen and phosphorus contents, and soil organic matter content were the main factors influencing RAF, RhSF, and NRhSF, respectively. This study highlights temporal and spatial heterogeneity of fungal community diversity and composition in P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations. Stochastic processes mainly were dispersal limitations, shaping these communities, while the deterministic processes were influenced by host selection and environmental filtering.

Background & Aim: Chiroptera, the only mammalian order capable of true powered flight, has attracted significant attention from researchers due to its unique biological characteristics, such as echolocation, complex niche adaptability, and diverse dietary habits. In recent years, the precipitous decline in bat populations has posed a potential threat to ecosystem stability, making Chiroptera a key focus in conservation biology. As a crucial component of modern socio-economic development, road infrastructure exerts profound impact on plant and animal populations, becoming a major research hotspot in conservation biology. This study focuses on bats, systematically reviewing relevant research and proposing strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of roads on bat populations while improving their habitat quality.

Review Results: This study focuses on Chiroptera, conducting a systematic review of 108 representative studies from both domestic and international sources. Through in-depth analysis, we systematically summarized the effects of road noise and road light pollution on bats during road construction and use. The results indicate that road noise and light pollution universally and diversely affect the acoustic structure and foraging behavior of bats, with species-specific responses. Based on these findings, we propose a series of targeted strategies. First, we recommend establishing and enhancing road assessment and regulatory systems, integrating ecological impact assessments into the entire process of road planning and construction to ensure that economic development aligns with ecological conservation. Second, we suggest increasing noise-blocking facilities, implementing sound barriers and green belt, and other noise-mitigation measures to minimize road noise on bat habitats. Additionally, optimizing road lighting design by using low-intensity, low-frequency flickering lights to reduce light pollution and its disruptive effects on bats.

Perspective: These strategies aim to mitigate the negative impacts of roads on Chiroptera, improve their living conditions, and provide scientific and practical guidance for the conservation of this unique and ecologically important mammalian group.

Aroma is one of the important factors that attract consumers to purchase fruits， and light plays a crucial role in the formation of aroma quality. This article reviewed the impacts of light on fruit aroma quality， analyzing the regulatory mechanisms associated with light quality， intensity， and photoperiod. Furthermore， it examined how interactions between light and other factors（temperature， water， CO₂ concentration， and plant hormones） influenced the formation of fruit aroma quality. Finally， future research prospects for enhancing fruit aroma quality through the utilization of light were proposed to serve as a reference for further investigation and improvement.