The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of five species of the genus Leontopodium (Asteraceae) from Southeastern QinghaiTibet Plateau, Southwest China were investigated. Three species were studied karyomorphologically and reported for the first time: L.franchetii 2n=2x=26=6M+18m+2sm, 2A; L.calocephalum 2n=4x=48=3M+43m+2sm, 1B; L.stracheyi 2n=4x=48=13M+35m, 1A. Two species L.souliei and L.sinense presented different chromosome numbers and karyotypes from the previous reports, that is, L.souliei 2n=2x=24=13M+8m+3sm, 1B; L.sinense, the population collected at altitude 2406m a.s.l. Muli County, Sichuan Province: 2n=2x=26=4M+22m, 1B, the population collected at altitude 3074m a.s.l. Muli County, Sichuan Province: 2n=4x=52=16M+36m, 1B. The comparison of existent chromosomal data indicates that Leontopodium is a genus with symmetry karyotype, but diversified obviously among different species. Polyploidization might have played an important role in the speciation and evolution of Leontopodium on the QinghaiTibet Plateau and its southeastern peripheral regions.

The leaf epidermis of 19 species representing all four subseries of Cyrtomium， and 15 allied groups was investigated under light microscopy, of which twelve species including types of three subseries of Cyrtomium were observed under scanning electron microscopy. The form of epidermal cells of the Cyrtomium was usually polygonal or irregular, with the anticlinal walls nearly straight, arched, sinuolate, sinuous to sinuate. The stomatal apparatus in all species only existed on the abaxial epidermis. The major stomatal apparatus was anomocytic, while diacytic and polocytic types also occurred in Cyrtomium. The stomata on a single leaf belonged to two or more types in most species. Under SEM, the inner margin of the outer stomatal rim ranged from nearlysmooth to sinuolate or erose, and the cuticular membrane of the leaf epidermis was striated, but sometimes with granula. The present study implied that there are no distinct characters of the leaf epidermis to distinguish and diagnose two series and four subseries of Cyrtomium in Shing′s classification.

Leaf epidermis of 16 species from Chelonopsis and its related taxa, Bostrychanthera deflexa, were examined under both light microscope and scanning electronic microscope. As a result, all species are characterized with irregular leaf epidermis cells, except those of sect. Aequidens (C.souliei, C.forrestii and C.albiflora), which are nearly rectangular. Two kinds of anticlinal walls of adaxial epidermis cells can be distinguished: sinuous and straightarched. Stomatal apparatuses, whose density varies in different species, can only be found in abaxial epidermis. Highly consistent in all examined species are the type of guard cells and the smooth inner margin of outer stomatal rim. What’s more, three cuticular patterns are recognized: ridged, long striped, and with snow flaked or granulate appendages. Consequently, Characters of leaf epidermis in Chelonopsis, such as pattern of epidermal cell and cuticular ornamentation, are of great significance in understanding the relationships at both infrageneric and interspecific levels. In addition, density of stomatal apparatuses may be correlated with the habitat of some species in Chelonopsis.

The research into the areal-types of genera of Chinese seed plants started since 1952.At that time,the joint efforts of Chinese botanists succeeded in preparing the key to genera of seed plants from China.Although this key was very preliminary,it became the very basic yet clear outline of this research about the areal-types of genera of seed plants.Subsequently,a preliminary analysis was made based on all connection with the consideration on the problems about regionalization of Chinese flora during a visit of a Chinese scientific delegation to Soviet Russia.

经特殊颜色反应、纸层析、紫外-可见光谱、高效液相色谱、气相色谱和核磁共振波谱分析表明：梅花‘南京红’花色色素的3种主要花色苷分别是：花青素3氧(6″氧α吡喃型鼠李糖基β吡喃型葡萄糖)苷，花青素3氧(6″氧没食子酰β吡喃型葡萄糖)苷和花青素3氧(6″氧反式阿魏酰β吡喃型葡萄糖)苷。花青苷在根本上决定着‘南京红’的粉红色花色，并可能强化‘南京红’的耐寒能力，也奠定了开发和利用该种花色色素的基础。

组织蛋白酶是半胱氨酸蛋白酶家族的主要成员，在生物界已发现20余种，人体中主要存在11种，它们与人类肿瘤、骨质疏松、关节炎等多种重大疾病密切相关，是近年来备受关注的一类靶标蛋白酶。自从20世纪90年代以来，多种组织蛋白酶的晶体结构陆续明确，有关其研究进展较快。本文以人类组织蛋白酶为重点，主要介绍近15年来组织蛋白酶结构、功能和抑制剂研究方面的一些重要进展。

Following a brief account of the early foundations of seed germination ecology sensu lato , some historical and recent developments pertaining to the ecology, biogeography and phylogeny of seed dormancy are discussed .

 Anemoclema W.T. Wang, a monotypic genus of Ranunculaceae, is endemic to the Jinsha River Valley in southwest China. Combining field investigation with molecular marker analysis (SNPs), we investigated the genetic diversity and genetic structure of A.glaucifolium. Analysis of three chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions (rps16 intron, psbAtrnH intergenic spacer and trnCycf6 intergenic spacer) revealed a low level of genetic diversity within the species, but high divergence among populations. This genetic structure is possibly caused by a long period of historical geographic isolation, a relatively narrow distribution range and limited gene flow due to habitat fragmentation. Hydropower stations are scheduled to be built in the Jinsha River drainage system in areas that overlap the range of A.glaucifolium and as a result of their construction the habitats of A.glaucifolium will be flooded or adversely affected in other ways, thus threatening the survival of the species. The results of our analysis of genetic diversity in A.glaucifolium are of value for developing an appropriate conservation strategy for this vulnerable species.

The paper analyzed 239 endemic genera in 67 families in the flora of seed plants in China . The results showed that there are five families containing morn than ten endemic genera , i. e ., Gesneriaceae (27 , number of endemic genera in China , same thereafter) , Composite (20) , Labiatae (12) , Cruciferae (11) , and Umbelliferae (10) , 15 families with two endemic genera, and other 30 families with only one endemic genus . Four monotypic families, i. e ., Ginkgoaceae, Davidiaceae , Eucommiaceae and Acanthochlamydaceae
, are the most ancient , relic and characteristic in the flora of seed plants in China . Based on integrative data of systematics, fossils histories, morphological and molecular evidence of these genera, their origination, evolution and relationships were discussed . In gymnosperms, all endemic genera are relics of the Arctic-Tertiary flora , having earlier evolutionary history, and can be traced back to the Cretaceous or to the Jurassic and even earlier . In angiosperms, the endemic genera are mostly relic, and are represented in all lineages in our Eight-Class System of classification of angiosperms , and endemism can be found in almost every evolutionary stage of extant angiosperms . The relic genera once occupied huge areas in North Hemisphere in the Tertiary or the late Cretaceous, while neo-endemism was mostly originated in the late Tertiary . They came from Arctic-Tertiary , Paleo- tropical-Tertiary and Tethys-Tertiary florisitic elements and the blend of the three elements, with many genera of autochthonous origination . The endemism was formed when some dispersal route such as the North Atlantic Land Bridge, and the Bering Bridge became discontinuous
during the Tertiary , as well as the climate change and glaciation in the late Tertiary and the Quaternary . Therefore , the late Tertiary is the starting point of extant endemism of the flora of China .

Phylogenomics is a new synthesized discipline which combines genomics with phylogenetics. Phylogenomics based on chloroplast genomes has shown many great advantages in plant phylogenetic research in recent years, providing resolutions for phylogeny of some taxonomically difficult groups of plants. However, there are some problems coming along with chloroplast phylogenomics as well. In this review, the application prospects and potential problems of chloroplast phylogenomics in plant phylogenetic reconstruction were discussed based on recent phylogenomic case studies. The influence of nextgeneration sequencing on chloroplast phylogenomics was also discussed.

通过对植物超氧阴离子自由基测定反应中动力学曲线的分析，确定了最佳的反应介质、反应参数和羟胺浓度，以三氯甲烷代替乙醚作为植物色素萃取试剂，克服了植物超氧阴离子测定中存在的诸多问题，提高了测定结果的准确性、重复性和可比性。

The floral organogenesis of Reineckia carnea (Convallariaceae) was observed under scanning electron microscope. The tepal and stamen primordia of Rcarnea initiated in a reversed unidirection type. The tepals, partly fused with filaments, formed a short tube at the late stage. Carpel primordia initiated, which overlapped by tepal and stamen primordia, by the same pattern, then fused into a syncarpous gynoecium. The flowers on the tip of inflorescences were prone to vary in floral organ numbers. Considering the floral organogenesis traits of Rcarnea in early stages and floral organ number variation, tepals and stamens should differentiate from common primordia. Characters of the floral organogenesis pattern and perianth tube formation time of Reineckia, Speirantha and Convallaria, revealed that Convallaria was more derived among them, and Speirantha was more primitive than Reineckia.

Crofton weed (Eupatorium adenophorum) is one of the most notoriously invasive plants in China. Allelopathy has been considered to play an important role for population spread. In this study, we demonstrate that this weed has strong adverse effects on two agronomic cultivars, barley and maize, through a variety of allelopathic pathways including volatiles, leachates and root exudates. The allelopathic effect was even detected in early growth stages of the weed. However, there was no evidence to indicate that allelochemicals in dead leaf tissue either persisted or converted into new allelochemicals by naturally colonizing phyllosphere microbes.

Leaf polarity determines leaf flatness development directly, and abnormal polarity usually results in many abnormal leaves, which subsequently affects many physiological functions of plants. So the normal leaf development is important to plants. Here, an abnormal serration leaf margin mutant with abnormal leaf trichome development, named pCB1294, was isolated from an activation tagging Arabidopsis mutant pool through reverse genetics. By TailPCR, the mutant gene loci At5g41663 encoding miR319b was successfully identified. Real time PCR shows the relative expression level of miR319b gene in the pCB1294 mutant is eleven times of higher than that of the wild (col). Our study lay the foundation for further studying the genetic mechanism of leaf polarity and investigating the interaction between miR319b and leaf morphology.

Human carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ is one of the most efficient one in carbonic anhydrase isozymes, which catalyzes the reversible hydration dehydration of CO2 and water : CO₂ + H₂O\ HCO₃^- + H⁺. It is found in virtually every tissue
and cell type, and involves in many human physiological and pathological processes, such as human acid-base balance, glaucoma, osteoporosis, and cancer. Since discovered in 1940, carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ has been an important drug target with more attention. Up to now, many inhibitors were discovered including some clinical therapeutic drugs. This paper reviewed recent developments in structures, functions and inhibitors of human carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ.

Daqingshan Mountains; Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms; Resources

The biological invasion has become a major challenge on global development, especially for whole developing country like China. However, the background data of invasive species in China is still far from completed, and the relevant investigation of the Chinese invasive inforatmion has not been fully available yet today. The huge ecological and economic impacts caused by various invasive species have not been fully noticed or observed by the relative institutions and scientists, plus the ignorance of dangerous invasion with the introduction of alien species. Based on various literatures, the history and culture of invasive plant species, their invasive status and impact on ecological security and economic loss in China have been fully reviewed; and the problems existed and mangement measures of alien invasive plants in China have been fully proposed and summarized in order to provide basic information on the management of invasive plant species in China, and appeal to the government and the community to improve their RiskPrevention strategies and great sense of urgency with alien invasive plants in China.

Truffle ascocarps were collected from a natural forest located in Lahti, Finland (100 km north to Helsinki ) by the help of a trained truffle dog called Siro in Autuman 2006 . By morphological identification , the truffles were identified as Tuber maculatum and Tuber scruposum . The truffle ascocarps were found in soil with relatively high pH value in coniferous forest. Our studies showed that both tuber species prefer the mixed forest with host- trees such as spruce and pine. Samples of the truffle fruit bodies are conserved in the collection of biological materials in the Juva Truffle Center. Further investigation concerning truffle species (DNA) and soil properties will be performed in the coming seasons.

As a phytohormone , abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many aspects of plant growth and development , such as seed dormancy, germination , vegetative growth , and environment stresses . Evidence show that ABA involves in the control of flowering . The environmental factors involved in flowering induction , such as photoperiod changes, vernalization , and drought, affect ABA levels . Summarized here are the recent progresses on understanding the correlation between the four major pathways of flower induction and the ABA changes , on the ABA distribution in leaf buds and flower buds during
bud differentiation , and on the ABA effect on bud differentiation during the tissue culture . The role of ABA in flower induction and development is discussed .

DNA barcoding is a technique using one or a few standardized DNA regions from different genomes for rapid species identification, which is used in the field of taxonomy, ecological surveys and assessment of biodiversity. Because of the plant natural particularity and the DNA barcodes used for plants differing from animals, the standards provided by BOLD which was initially dssigned for animals are not totally compatible in plants DNA barcoding research. Thus, we synthesize and customize a synopsis of technical notes and standards with reference of the BOLD criteria and experience of plant DNA barcoding projects, especial for the researchers with particular interest in plants DNA barcoding in China. Ten aspects related to plants DNA barcoding are covered: 1) sampling strategy for a plant DNA barcoding study, 2) collecting standards for vouches and associate information, 3) collection standards for specimenreferenced images, 4) collecting standards for DNA material, 5) standards for drying and preserving DNA material, 6) quality control and preservation procedures for extracted total genomic DNA, 7) recommended plant barcodes and universal primers, 8) procedures for PCR amplification and sequencing of the DNA barcodes, 9) naming,editing and submission for DNA barcoding files, and 10) procedures and methods for the analysis of DNA barcoding data.

Subcellular localization of AtNCED3 , AtAAO3 and AtSDR1 proteins, and dynamic changes of ABA levels in root and leaf were investigated in the present study . Results showed that the guard cells were not the main site of ABA biosynthesis, and SDR might play an important role in ABA precursor processing and transportation . The transcription level of ABA synthase gene in roots was significantly higher than that in leaves under dehydration condition , while the ABA concentration in leaf tissues were 10 times higher than root . Detection of ABA concentration in both detached leaves and attached leaves suggested that ABA accumulation in leaves was mainly derived from root-sourced ABA, it was confirmed that ABA synthesis in roots was affected by the supply of precursor carotenoids with the fluridone treatment and shading experiments. These data revealed that ABA levels in leaves were regulated by root-sourced ABA transportation and leaf-sourced carotenoids supply. Our present results showed that vascular system might be involved in the coordination and integration of this complex regulatory mechanism for ABA signal accumulation. The conclusion provided relevant information for exploring molecular mechanism of stress signal transduction, manipulating endogenous ABA levels, and enhancing plants resistance
against environmental stresses .

Different kinds of tropical vegetations and evergreen broad-leafed forests are distributed over the vast region of southern China, in which there occur abundant fungi. Nearly 1200 genera and over 5000 species of higher fungi, including Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, have been reported from the region. Based on reliable records and own experiences of the authors, tropical affinities of the higher fungi there were analysed.

The information of protein subcellular localization is important to our understanding of a protein function . The protein encoded by At4g22890 was predicted to be an Arabidopsis chloroplast protein . The 5′208 bp fragment of this gene was cloned and fused with GFP to construct a binary vector pMON530-cTP-GFP for genetic transformation . On confocal laser-scanning microscopy, green fluorescent signals were localized in chloroplasts in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, suggesting that the 208 bp DNA fragment encodes a peptide targeting to chloroplast . The results suggest that At4g22890 encodes a chloroplast protein .

Tuber aestivum is a valuable edible symbiotic fungus. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological changes after the ectomycorrhizae of Cyclobalanopsis glauca seedlings and Taestivum were formed. The results showed Taestivum formed bristle ectomycorrhizae on the rootlet tip with light cream color on Cglauca seedlings on the 14th day by inoculating liquid spores suspension. It formed either typical yellowish brown to brownish ectomycorrhizae with or without bristles or woolly ectomycorrhizae after inoculation in one to two months. Ectomycorrhizae were monopodial, 150-250 μm in diameter and 1-4 mm in length. The fungus mantle was 12-20 μm thick, surface smooth or with bristles, or with extramatrical hyphae. Hyphae in Hartig nets were 1-15 μm in diam. The ageing mycorrhizae became dark brown , wilted and shrunken. The yellowish green extramatrical mycelial strands could be the most important morphological character to distinguish the mycorrhizae formed by Taestivum and those formed by other Tuber species.

Variegated leaf is applied to the leaf which is partly or wholly colored in other than ordinary green as their ordinary feature. Investigations were conducted to understand the status of variegated Begonia species of China. Eighty four species among 203 taxa are found to be variegated. Colors of variegation are usually light green, silvery green, silvery white and white. From the perspective of horticulture, the variegated species of Chinese begonias were divided into different types according to the variegation features. Positions of variegated parts are the most important character used to divide the variegation types. Vein type and nonvein type are the two main types. The vein type(Ⅰ) was subdivided into three types: vein part type (ⅠA), intervein part type (ⅠB), middle vein and intervein part type (ⅠC). While the nonvein type (Ⅱ) was subdivided into six types, i.e. ringlike type (ⅡA), palmate type (ⅡB), subentire type (ⅡC), entire type (ⅡD), mixed type (ⅡE), and irregular type (ⅡF). The common variegation types among Chinese begonias are ⅠA1, ⅠA2, ⅠB1, ⅠB2 and ⅡA. Finally the mechanism and the hereditary property lies in variegation of Chinese begonias were discussed.

There is a tale in the Chinese ancient book “Legend of Mountains and Rivers” where the sun rises from a “Fusang Tree” in the east, hangs above a “Jian Tree” at noon, and goes down at the “Ruo Tree” in the west. People have debated the reality of such Divine Trees for many centuries and arguments for and against their existence did not stop until Bronze Trees were discovered in Sanxingdui, Guanghan Prefecture, Sichuan Province. This archaeological discovery proved that Divine Trees referred to in folklore existed. Here we report verification of prototypes of the three Divine Trees referred to in “Legend of Mountains and Rivers”, based on botanical knowledge and reference to the ancient literature. We verified that the Fusang Treeg Tprototype may have been Betula platyphylla, the Jian Tree′s prototype was possibly Cunninghamia lanceolata, while the Ruo Tree′s prototype may have been Bombax ceiba.

 Ultracytochemical localization of calcium in embryo sac of Phaius tankervilliae(Aiton) Bl. was carried out using potassium pyroantimonate precipitation method. Results of Ca2+ distribution during embryo sac development are as following: (1) Megasporocyte stage: There is no Ca2+ precipitation in the megasporocyte, nucellar cell and micropyle; (2) Functional megaspore stage: Small particles of Ca2+ precipitates appear on the embryo sac wall at the micropylar end, but no apparent Ca2+ can be found in the functional megaspore; (3) 4nucleate stage: There are significant increase of Ca2+ precipitation on the embryo sac wall and large grains of  the precipitates in the micropyle, while a little starts to appear on the membrane of vacuole; (4) 8nucleate embryo sac stage: Ca2+ precipitation continuously increases on the embryo sac wall. Distribution of Ca2+ in embryo sac shows strong polarity. More Ca2+ precipitations are observed in the synergids and the egg cell than the antipodal cells. Accumulation of Ca2+ precipitation is achieved by (1) transferring Ca2+ to embryo sac through the plasmodesmata between the nucellar cells, which mainly occurred at the chalaza end before the embryo matured; (2) forming large amounts of small bubbles of Ca2+ precipitation, which can cross embryo sac wall to enter embryo sac.

Alternanthera philoxeroides was treated with NaCl of different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 mmol/L). The results showed: (1) Under NaCl treatment, the fresh weight, the dry weight and the root shoot ratio decreased. (2) Water content and the succulency degree of whole plant appeared to increase first and then gradually decline as salinity increased. (3) Na⁺ contents increased and K⁺ contents decreased in root, stem and leaf. Na⁺ and K⁺ contents in leaf were the highest under the same salinity, those in stem were next and those in root were the lowest. (4) FAA content gradually decreased. (5) Pro content appeared to decline first and then increase as salinity increased. (6) Soluble sugar changed in the opposite direction. (7) Pn , Gs and T_r decreased and Ci increased . The relative conductivity of leaves increased significantly. ( 8) The malondialdehyde (MDA) content declined at about NaCl 50mmol/L but increased under at about NaCl 100 - 350 mmol/L. Those parameters indicated that A. philoxeroides was halophyte, but its salt tolerance was not strong and its NaCl optimal concentration lowed 100 mmol/L. Na⁺ mainly accumulated in stem and leaf of A. philoxeroide and it would probably spread to the salt soil .

Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae (FRPS) and Flora of China (FOC) are the Floras with the largest number of plant species recorded so far in the world, both of which have provided comprehensive scientific database for effective conservation and sustainable use of plant diversity and plant resources. Based on molecular data, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group’s system of classification was proposed in 1998, and updated in 2003 and 2009, respectively. Such approach was also applied to other groups of vascular plants. As molecular systematics enters into a mature phase, the linear sequences derived from the new molecularbased framework classifications such as APG has been widely adopted to the study and application for entire vascular plants. In this paper, we compare Chinese vascular plants at the family level among Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae, Flora of China and the new classifications. It is confirmed that there are 38 (out of a total of 48) families of lycophytes and ferns, 10 (out of 12) families of gymnosperms and 261 (out of 414) families of angiosperms in China. Although the total number of families of Chinese vascular plants does not vary as much as expected (300 in FRPS, and 309 in FOC and APG, respectively), the circumscriptions of a number of families changed greatly. In addition, we also discussed the changes of some important families of angiosperms in China.

The present paper represents the ethnopharmacological survey of Sudhan Gali, Kashmir, Pakistan. The study revealed that 12 plant species belonging to 11 families were used for the treatment of stomach, diabetes and ophthalmic diseases by the local people in Sudhan Gali. Achillea millefolium , Aconitum heterophyllum, Berberis lycium, Polygonum amplexicaule, Mentha longifolia, Paeonia emodi, Plantago lanceolata were locally used for stomach related problems treatment; Berberis lycium, Skimmia lareola, Solanum dulcamara for diabetes and Geranium wallichianum, Artemisia vulgaris, Solanum dulcamara, and Corydalis crassifolia used for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. Two species Berberis lycium and Solanum dulcamara have multipurpose value. Former is used to treat stomach as well as diabetes while latter is used to treat not only to diabetes but also ophthalmic diseases. According to IUCN categories , out of these 12 plant species collected and marketed, Polygonum amplexicaule and Paeonia emodi are endangered, Aconitum heterophyllum; Berberis lycium species are vulnerable while Plantago lanceolata and Skimmia lareola species are rare.
The availability of these medicinal plants has decreased during the past 20 years and these are facing a drastic biotic pressure due to their extensive usage and non-scientific methods of collection. It is quite evident that these valuable native medicinal plants species are going to decline in number and ultimately will become extinct if no timely proper conservation strategies are adopted.

The areal-type means distribution map of certain plants always same or nearly same. This is an important method in floristic research to divide distribution into different areal-types. More than 3116 gen-era of seed plants have been recorded in China. They have been classified into 15 areal-types and 37 sub-types . The certain number represent certain areal type such as number 2 always means pantropic distribu-tion pattern. After repeated to tests and uses, it has been proved that characteristics and relationships of each areal type can be showen by such classification. A classification precept of families of seed plants of the world has been proposed at present paper.

There are at least nine members in the plant peptides, whose protein sequences have been published . Basing on the cell-to-cell interaction′s pattern of“ligand-receptor”, four peptides have been accepted as peptide hormones, including Systemin , Phytosulfokine, SCR􊄯SP11 and CLV3 , which are involved in wounding respond , cell proliferation , percipience between pollen and stigma in self- incompatibility , and balancing division and differentiation in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) , respectively . Here, we outline recent understanding of these four plant peptide hormones, meanwhile make a prospection according to our research′s advance .

Karyotypes of 11 populations of 6 species in Nomocharis and 14 populations of 7 species in Lilium were analyzed to discuss the taxonomic treatment of Nomocharis and elucidate the phylogenetic relationship between Nomocharis and Lilium. Cytological observations were carried out exclusively from root tips. For mitotic arrest, meristematic tissues were pre-treated with 1∶1 mixture of 0.1% colchicine and p-dichlorobenzene at ambient temperature (10℃-20℃) for 8-10h before fixation in Carnoy I (one part glacial acetic acid to three parts absolute ethanol) at 4℃ for 2-24h. They were macerated in 1mol·L-1 HCl at 60℃ for 5-6 minutes, stained and squashed in Carbol Fuchisn. Karyotype asymmetry was assessed by four indices (As.K%, AI, CVCL and CVCI) in which the later three were newly proposed and had be considered to have phylogenetic significance. Furthermore, we tried to clarify the relationship between Nomocharis and Lilium with the scatter diagram of CVCL against CVCI. The results and conclusions were as follows：1) Karyotypes showed differences among species and populations, especially in the number and location of secondary constrictions as well as the presence or absence of B chromosomes；2) Nomocharis and Lilium are closely related；3) Chromosome structural variation produced abundant types (five in total) of secondary constrictions, which was considered to be the main driving force of evolution in the genus Nomocharis；4) Aneuploid, triploid, B chromosomes and secondary constriction type Ⅲ emerged accompanied by the dispersal of Nomocharis to adjacent areas from its origin and differentiation center, namely, Gaoligongshan. In this paper, the triploid of N.basilissa and karyotypes of L.xanthellum were documented for the first time.

Flower color is extremely diverse not only among flowering plants, but also in different populations and/or individuals of the same species (i.e., flower color polymorphism). There is also color variation within the same or different floral structures. Understanding the formation and maintenance of the diversity of flower color provides a cue to unveil the evolution of flowers. A long standing view considers flower color functioning as visual signal for pollinators, which may facilitate pollen transfer and increase foraging efficiency. Here we introduce four aspects of flower color diversity at interspecific and intraspecific levels, four different methodologies of studying color variation, discuss three hypotheses that explain the color variation. Future studies combining phylogenetic analysis and involving multiple factors including pollinators, herbivores and environments will be much helpful for a better understanding the diversity and evolution of flower color.

In this research, tuberlike galls which induced by thrip on ivy tree leaves were chosen as materials, and the physiological responses as well as partitioning of mineral nutrition, soluble protein and saccharide contents in galled and ungalled tissues were assayed. Results indicated that compared to the ungalled tissues, galling tissues decreased in many physiological indexes including hydrogen peroxide concentration, Peroxidase and phenylnine amonialase activities and the contents of malondialdehyde. Galling tissues decreased in photosynthetic rate but increased in respiratory rate. Galling tissues acted as a nutritive sink that accumulate more nutrition than surrounding ungalled tissues. Phytohormones and insects extracts alone can not induce the formation of galls, but cytokinins such as kinetin, 6BA and Zeatin can induce responses which are similar to the earlier response of thrip feeding.

种子休眠是植物本身适应环境和延续生存的一种特性，是种子植物进化的一种稳定对策。野生植物特别是原产温带的植物，其种子大多有深而长的休眠期。关于种子休眠的概念有多种，这些概念引出了许多学说、假说和模型。种壳障碍、胚形态发育不完全和生理后熟以及种子中含有化学抑制剂等，都可导致种子休眠。根据不同的分类标准可将种子分成不同类型，一般将种子分为强迫休眠和机体休眠；机体休眠又可分为外部休眠、内部休眠和综合休眠。植物种类不同休眠特性也不同；同种植物的种子来源于不同的居群和植株时，若采集时期不同，其休眠也可能不同；甚至在同一果实中的不同种子，休眠特性亦可能有差异。影响休眠性状表达的基因既有核基因，也有质基因，休眠通常表现为一种受多基因控制的数量性状。种子休眠具有重要的生态学意义，能有效地调节种子萌发的时空分布。研究种子的休眠特性和机理及其解除方法，有助于农业生产和植物多样性保护。

By using ethnobotanical approach, we investigated the indigenous knowledge on the utilization of the wild vegetable in three Dai villages named as Man’an, Mansan and Manguangnan in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, which represented
the differences in natural and social-economic circumastances . A total of 228 plant species belonging to 75 families was recorded that used by local people as wild vegetable , among which , 147 for Man’an , 144 for Mansan and 105 for Manguangnan were recorded. The result of ANOVA ( P < 0.05) showed that there was significant difference among the average number of plant species mentioned by per person in three villages . Average number of plant species mentioned by per person in young group was significantly lower than that in old group. Through comparisons of average number of species mentioned by per person in different age groups, the loss of wild vegetables is much serious between males than between females. Finally, the authors dicussed and analyzed possible drivers that affect the maintaining of the indigenous knowledge on wild vegetable use .

Endemic elements are crucial for floristic and phytogeographical analysis . The levels of endemicity are important foundation of dividing floristic regions, different floristic ranks based on different endemic levels . The fossil history of endemic families and genera to the East Asia Floristic Kingdom play an
important role in understanding the origin , development and differentiation of this flora kingdom . The fossil history of five endemic families (Cercidiphyllaceae, Eucommiaceae , Ginkgoaceae, Sargentodoxaceae and Treochodendraceae ) and 20 endemic genera ( Cathaya , Cephalotaxus, Corylopsis, Craigia , Cuninghamia, Davidia , Dipteronia , Emmenopterys , Exbucklandia , Fokienia , Fortunearia , Glyptostrobus, Keteleeria , Metasequoia , Pseudolarix, Platycarya , Shaniodendron , Sinowilsonia , Tapiscia , Toricellia and Taiwania) are reviewed . The fossil history shows that these endemic plants have three resources, one from Arctic-Tertiary , one boreotropic and one East Asia . This indicates that East floristic combination are a complex in its origin . Above mentioned three elements would be their three of resources. All endemic plants had much wider distributions in geological time . Their distributions were reduced during long geological time and become endemic to East Asia in the late Pliocene or early Quaternary . If the levels of endemism are really important foundation for dividing floristic regions, the time of formation of endemicity would be the time of formation of the floristic regions . The modern East Asia plant kingdom
would be formed in the late Pliocene or early Quaternary .

China is extraordinarily rich in flora which in their turn are very complex.Their orgin may trace back to a high antiquity,and what is more,it is one of the crtical regions for researching floristics of the flowing plants in the world.Through putting to order the recent materials,works have been done in the analytic and comparative study of the geographical elements and the floristic compositions of community dominant in different localities,and the author is thereupon able to classify them into 2 kingdoms,7 subkingdoms and 22 regions altogether.

Plants can generate an overwhelming variety of structurally diversified organic compounds called secondary metabolites. These compounds usually perform interesting biological activities and important functions in influencing interactions between plants and other organisms. They are also widely utilized as pharmaceuticals, insecticides, dyes, flavors and fragrances. Plant genome sequencing, transcriptome and metabolome analyses have provided huge amounts of data to explain the great diversity of secondary metabolites. This knowledge in turn will help us better understand their ecological role and is a creating novel tool for genetic engineering of plant secondary metabolism.

This paper recited the history of plant germplasm cryopreservation, exhibited the diversity of cryopreservated plant materials, analysed biological foundation of plant cryotolerance, causes and types of cryo-injury, described the key techniques of frequently-used cryopreservation methods, and paid special attention to cryopreservation of plant germplasm of species producing recalcitrant seeds. Based on analysis of potential, status and difficulties, the author thought that regard to cryopreservation of plant germplasm of recalcitrant-seeded species there are much to do, for it was the keystone and difficult part of plant germplasm cryopreservation.

Three species and one variety: Brotherella recurvans, Clastobryum cuculligerum, Taxithelium liukiuense and Trismegistia calderensis var. rigida are reported as new records to China, and their description and illustrations are provided. These new records are based on the specimens from Hainan, Hong Kong and Yunnan.

Alternative oxidase (AOX), a terminal oxidase located in the inner mitochondrial membrane , has been identified universally in plant , algae , fungi, and protozoan . AOX branches from the cytochrome pathway at the level of the ubiquinone and catalyses the oxidation of ubiquinol and reduction of oxygen to water . There is non-protonmotive and energy is liberated as heat instead of producing ATP . In thermogenic plants, heat released by AOX attracts insects for pollination by heating aromatic compounds . The use of AOX in plant may ( a) allow flexibility of respiration under changing environmental conditions (b) regulate energy homeostasis ( c ) help prevent oxidative stress ( d ) maintain TCA cycle turnover. AOX is a member of di- iron carboxylate proteins . Two structural models exist for AOX and the latest one is a monotopic protein instead of span membrane . Relatively little is known about its 3-dimensional structure. Main reason is that the sufficient quantities of AOX suitable for crystallogram structural studies is unavailable because of its unstableness . Recently we tried to obtain sufficient quantities alternative oxidase protein (AOX) for further construction studies . The aim is achieved
by over-expressing in E. coli and improving purification of native AOX from Arum mitochondrial .

Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L .) is a semi-fleshy small tree or large shrub , belonging to Euphorbiaceae family, Jatropha genus, which has highly tolerance to drought and nutrient deficiency . Their roots, barks, leaves and seeds can be used as medicines . The main components are fats, proteins and terpenes, and the toxins are curcin and seed oil in physic nut seed . Oil content of kernel is about 50% , which can be used as biological diesel oil without pollution . Curcin , seed oil and other extracts from physic nut seeds can be used as biological pesticide . There are a little study on development and dehydration behaviour of the seeds, and their regulation . Physic nut is an important strategic resource with great economic value .

In this study, we carried out a systematic comparison of the de novo transcriptome assembly performance of eight assemblers (ABySS, Velvet, SOAPdenovo, Oases, Trinity, Multiplek, TIDBA and TransABySS), processing Illumina RNASeq reads from F1 hybrids (Drosophila MS) of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila sechellia and cultivated rice. Our study showed that Trinity and TransABySS were the most effective for producing transcriptomes from our trial datasets using single kmer and multiple kmer methods, respectively, although the performance levels of the other tested assemblers were comparable. We found that using single kmer assemblers generally produced fewer total numbers of bases than multiple kmer assemblers, although even the best assembler’s results showed lower quality than some researchers may desire. Therefore, we developed and tested a novel de novo transcriptome assembly method, ETM, which employs a combination of multiple kmer tools with Trinity assembler. The ETM method yielded superior results from our trial datasets. Our results will assist the growing number of transcriptome projects using Illumina RNASeq reads and provide guidelines for choosing appropriate software.

China is the birth-place of Traditional Chines Medicine (TCM) and has a rich diversity of medicinal plant resources. With the rapid increase in consumer demands for crude drugs and natural health products, many medicinal plant species are threatened with extinction from overexploitation and habitat destruction. To ensure the sustainable use of medicinal plant resources, we discuss in this article, a conservation framework consisting of conservation strategies, cultivation practices and various technologies. Conservation strategies include establishing in-situ and ex-situ conservation centers, setting up government policies and regulations, establishing methods for resource surveying and trade monitoring and establishing and enforcing Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). In terms of technologies, we use a remote multi-level sensing system and DNA barcoding technologies as examples to demonstrate their roles in the conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plant resources in China.

DNA sequences, because of their disparity in the rate of evolution,are suitable for phylogenetic study at different taxonomic levels. It is, therfore, the most significant process to select an sppropriate DNA region to address a certain phylogenetic issues. Based on previous data and our own study, the suitable range of some DNA sequences that are commonly used in current molecular phylogenetic study in mainly focused in this review.

Columbia wild type Arabidopsis thaliana was used as experimental material, an activation tagging mutant library was constructed by floral dip method, Agrobacterium tumefaciens with an activation tagging vector pCB260 was transformed into the plant. By mutant screening and phenotypic analysis, two mutants were isolated. The hypocotyl elongation is weak inhibited in the mutant seedlings by continuous white lights and the TDNA flanking sequences were obtained by TAILPCR. The NCBI sequence alignment indicates that TDNA inserted in the first and third exon positions of Cry1, respectively. Mutant phenotype analysis and PCR identification results show that TDNA insertion disrupt the function of CRY1 and abolish the process of plant photomorphogenesis.

The sexual reproduction in flowering plants is highly sensitive to hot or cold temperature stresses, thus temperature is fatal to reproductive success. This review describes studies of temperature stress on plant sexual reproductions, which suggests that pollen development may be the most sensitive reproductive stage. Transcriptome and proteomic studies shows that the genes including calmodulin, calcium dependent protein kinase 2, HSFs, and HSPs, might be involved in heat stress response pathways that function during pollen development. Understanding how plants cope with stress during reproductive development provides the oppotunity to identify genetic traits that can improve temperature tolerance in selected crop breeding and agronomic plants by genetic engineering.

Large scale permanent plots (LSPP) work as important platform for longterm research on biodiversity, community phylogenetics and evolution, and ecosystem function in forests. The paper selected four Chinese forest dynamics plots representing four climatic types of Chinese vegetation (Xishuangbanna in tropics, Dinghushan in southern subtropics, Gutianshan in middle subtropics, and Changbaishan in temperate zone) to analyze the arealtypes of seed plants at the level of family, genus, and species, according to the approach of Wu et al. The results showed that Xishuangbanna was characteristic of the margin of tropical flora, Dinghushan was characteristic of the transition from tropical flora to subtropical flora, Gutianshan being characteristic of typical subtropical flora, and Changbaishan being characteristic of temperate zone. These results were consistent with previous findings in Chinese forests, exhibiting distinctly geographic distribution of Chinese genera along altitude gradient, which indicated that the comparatively floristic analysis of multiregion, benefiting from the LSPP platform sharing original data, was testified to be feasible and effective.